1. COPPER PHOTOCATHODES DEVELOPMENTS AT ASTEC R. Valizadeh Accelerator Science and Technology Centre Science & Technology Facility Council, UK

2. Overview of work done at other accelerator centres Photocathode preparation program at Daresbury Lab Outline 2

3. Important Properties of Photocathodes High Quantum efficiency Fast response time Uniform emission Low as possible emittance (atomically flat) Have reasonably high operating life time at vacuum level 10 -9 to 10 -10 Torr range. Easy to fabricate, reliable, reproducible QE and emittance after cathode cleaning and re-activation.

4. Why Metal Photocathodes Metal cathodes have fast response time 10 -15 to 10 -14 seconds. They are robust and can survive years at high cathode fields to produce high brightness beam However due to the high work function UV photons are needed for reasonable QE.

5. Metal Photocathodes

6. QE and thermal emittance

7. Variation of Emittance and QE with laser wavelength and spot size

8. Effect of surface roughness on Emittance.

9. Survivability and lifetime

10. Dependence of lifetime on residual operating gas species

11. Effect of laser surface cleaning for restoring QE

12. H-ion bombardment and Ozone

13. Annealing and Ar plasma Cleaning 13

14. Photocathode preparation and diagnostic system

15. QE Measurment setup

16. Vacuum suitcase for transportation of prepared photocathode to RF Gun.

17. Initial Programme Establish reliable and reproducible sample preparation procedure to minimise the final surface carbon contamination. (done at SLAC) Prepare atomic flat surfaces for single crystal and poly- crystalline copper. Produce engineered rough surface. Determine QE for different method of surface regeneration (Ar, H and Ozone cleaning) Determination of surface roughness after each procedure. Identify the effect each individual residual gas species(H 2, CO, CO 2, H 2 O and CH 3 ) on QE degradation. Optimization of wide band gap coating (CsBr) on copper. Study the effectiveness of the Vacuum suitcase.