1. 1 Impact of the ‘smoking ban’ on smoking prevalence in England Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London February 2010 Robert West

2. 2 Smoking and health inequalities Cigarette smoking is a major source of health inequalities in the UK Smoking rates among the poorest members of the community are double those of the most affluent Poorer smokers smoke more cigarettes and obtain a higher dose of toxins if they do smoke GLS 2008 Fidler 2008

3. 3 Policy conundrum Tobacco control policies have a tendency to increase social gradient in smoking because they mostly promote attempts at cessation and poorer smokers find it harder to stop so gain less benefit ‘Smoking Kills’ White Paper in 1998 attempted to address this by including provision of help for smokers to stop but few smokers use this help The ‘smoking ban’ may widen inequalities if it promotes attempts to stop but does not help them succeed

4. 4 Recent trends in prevalence Smoking prevalence has declined at broadly similar rates across the social gradient but this has accentuated the apparent difference 38% higher 63% higher GLS 2008

5. 5 The ‘smoking ban’ July 2007: total ban on smoking in all indoor public areas including bars and restaurants Primary goal –protect the health of non-smokers given evidence that passive smoking was killing >1000 non-smokers each year Secondary goal –encourage and help more smokers to stop

6. 6 The ‘Smoking Toolkit Study’ Monthly surveys of the population of England aged 16+ from Nov 2006 onwards Aims –to track key performance indicators relating to smoking and smoking cessation to assess impact of policies and events –to develop a better understanding of factors influencing smoking cessation to help shape future policies Sample size to date: 65,749 www.smokinginengland.info

7. 7 Smoking prevalence pre-ban www.smokinginengland.info

8. 8 Smoking prevalence immediately post-ban www.smokinginengland.info

9. 9 Smoking prevalence post-recession www.smokinginengland.info

10. 10 Smoking prevalence 2007-2009 : social grade A-C1 www.smokinginengland.info A-C1: professional to clerical C2-E: skilled manual to long-term unemployed

11. 11 Smoking prevalence 2007-2009 : social grade C2-E www.smokinginengland.info

12. 12 Quit attempts pre- and post- smoking ban Base: smoked in last year; p<.05 for decline; unpublished data Attempts to stop smoking were not higher post-ban

13. 13 Effect of smoking ban on quit attempt rate New year No Smoking Day Smoke-free (2007) Hackshaw 2010

14. 14 Success of quit attempts pre- and post- smoking ban Base: made quit attempt in last month; p<.05 for increase post-smoke-free; unpublished data Attempts to stop smoking were more successful post-ban

15. 15 Overall trend 2007-2009 : social grade A-C1 www.smokinginengland.info

16. 16 Overall trend 2007-2009 : social grade C2-E www.smokinginengland.info

17. 17 Percentage reductions by social grade Base: All adults; No significant differences across social grade

18. 18 Conclusions Smoking is a major source of health inequalities because of the social gradient in smoking prevalence and in toxin intake among smokers Prevalence has declined at similar absolute rates across the social spectrum in the past 20 years but this has led to increased apparent disparity Introduction of the ‘smoking-ban’ was associated with slightly higher absolute reductions in smoking prevalence in lower social grades but similar proportionate reductions The smoking ban has probably contributed to a reduction in prevalence without exacerbating social inequalities