1. Trade and Resources The Heckscher-Ohlin model Dr. Petre Badulescu

2. Introduction This lecture outlines the Heckscher-Ohlin model, a model that assumes that trade occurs because countries have different resources. Our first goal is to describe the Heckscher-Ohlin (HO) model of trade. The specific-factors model that we studied in the previous lecture was a short-run model because capital and land could not move between the industries. In contrast, the HO model is a long-run model because all factors of production can move between the industries. Dr. Petre Badulescu2Lecture 4, International economics

3. Introduction Dr. Petre Badulescu3Lecture 4, International economics Our second goal is to examine the empirical evidence on the Heckscher-Ohlin model. By allowing for more than two factors of production and also allowing countries to differ in their technologies, as in the Ricardo model, the predictions from the Heckscher-Ohlin model match more closely the trade patterns in the world economy today. The third goal of the lecture is to investigate how the opening of trade between the two countries affects the payments to labor and to capital in each of them.

4. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics4 Assumptions Assumption 1: Two factors of production, labor (L) and capital (K), can move freely between the industries. Assumption 2: Shoe production is labor-intensive; that is, it requires more labor per unit of capital to produce shoes than computers, so that L S /K S > L C /K C.

5. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics5 Assumptions FIGURE 4-1 Labor Intensity of Each Industry The demand for labor relative to capital is assumed to be higher in shoes than in computers, L S /K S > L C /K C. These two curves slope down just like regular demand curves, but in this case, they are relative demand curves for labor (i.e., demand for labor divided by demand for capital). 0

6. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics6 Assumptions Assumption 3: Foreign is labor-abundant, by which we mean that the labor–capital ratio in Foreign exceeds that in Home, L*/K*> L/K. Equivalently, Home is capital-abundant, so that K/L >K*/L*. Assumption 4: The final outputs, shoes and computers, can be traded freely (i.e., without any restrictions) between nations, but labor and capital do not move between countries.

7. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics7 Assumptions Assumption 6: Consumer tastes are the same across countries, and preferences for computers and shoes do not vary with a country’s level of income. Assumption 5: The technologies used to produce the two goods are identical across the countries.

8. Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics8 Are Factor Intensities the Same across Countries? While much of the footwear in the world is produced in developing nations, the United States retains a small number of shoe factories. In India, the sewing machine used to produce footwear is cheaper than the computer used in a call center. Footwear production in India is labor-intensive as compared with the call center, which is the opposite of what holds in the United States. This example illustrates a reversal of factor intensities between the two countries. In the United States, agriculture is capital-intensive. In many developing countries, it is labor-intensive. ■ APPLICATION

9. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics9 No-trade equilibrium FIGURE 4-2 (1 of 3) The Home production possibilities frontier (PPF) is shown in panel (a), and the Foreign PPF is shown in panel (b). Because Home is capital abundant and computers are capital intensive, the Home PPF is skewed toward computers. No-Trade Equilibria in Home and Foreign PPF:s, Indifference Curves, and No-Trade Equilibrium Price 00

10. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics10 No-trade equilibrium FIGURE 4-2 (2 of 3) Home preferences are summarized by the indifference curve, U. The Home no-trade (or autarky) equilibrium is at the tangency point A, where the relative price that consumers are willing to pay for one more computer equals the opportunity cost of producing it. The flat slope indicates a low relative price of computers, (P C /P S ) A. No-Trade Equilibria in Home and Foreign (continued) PPF:s, Indifference Curves, and No-Trade Equilibrium Price The slope of an indifference curve equals the amount that consumers are willing to pay for computers in terms of shoes rather than dollars. The slope of the PPF equals the opportunity cost of producing one more computer in terms of shoes given up. 00

11. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics11 No-trade equilibrium PPF:s, Indifference Curves, and No-Trade Equilibrium Price FIGURE 4-2 (3 of 3) Foreign is labor-abundant and shoes are labor- intensive, so the Foreign PPF is skewed toward shoes. Foreign preferences are summarized by the indifference curve, U* The Foreign no-trade equilibrium is at the tangency point A*, with a higher relative price of computers, as indicated by the steeper slope of (P* C /P* S ) A *. No-Trade Equilibria in Home and Foreign (continued) A* 0 0 The result from comparing the no-trade equilibria for these two countries is that the no-trade relative price of computers at Home is lower than in Foreign.

12. Dr. Petre BadulescuLecture 4, International economics12 The Heckscher-Ohlin Model We are now in a position to determine the pattern of trade between the two countries. We proceed in several steps. First, we consider what happens when the world relative price of computers is above the no-trade relative price of computers at Home, and trace out the Home export supply of computers. Second, we consider what happens when the world relative price is below the no-trade relative price of computers in Foreign, and trace out the Foreign import demand for computers. Finally, we put together the Home export supply (Sx) and the Foreign import demand (Dm) to determine the equilibrium relative market price of computers with international trade. Free-trade equilibrium Ch 041.pptx041.pptx