1. Bleeding time
BLEEDING TIME: the time that elapses between the puncture of the skin and the stoppage of blood oozing using a lancet.
Why Do I Need a Bleeding Time Test?
Most people will never need a bleeding time test. You may need to have a bleeding test if you’ve been having bleeding that won’t stop, especially from small incisions, punctures, or cuts.
Bleeding time:
To evaluate platelet function
To screen patients for bleeding tendencies before a scheduled surgery
Abnormal results of a bleeding time test could mean you have an acquired platelet function defect.

2. A standardized puncture of the ear lobe is made and the length of bleeding to stop is recorded .Cessation of bleeding indicates the formation of haemostatic plugs which are in turn dependent on an adequate number of platelets and the ability of the platelets to adhere to the sub endothelium and to form aggregates .  
Also it is controlled by the condition of blood vessel wall.

3. Methods
1-Duke test. Is the easiest to perform.
2-Ivy test
3-Template test

4. Duke Test
Material and Instruments 1-Sterile disposable lancet. 2-Stopwatch. 3-Circular test paper. 4-Cotton &alcohol

5. Procedure
1-The ear lobe is cleansed with an alcohol sponge and allowed to dry. 2-A standardized puncture of the ear lobe is then made , using a sterile blood lancet. 3-The stopwatch is started at the moment of the puncture . 4-Using circular filter paper the blood is blotted every 30 seconds without allowing the filter paper to touch the wound . 5-when bleeding ceases , the stopwatch is halted and the bleeding time =number of spot\2 in minutes Results Normal range : 2-6 minutes

6. Discussion:
Bleeding time is prolonged in purpuras, but normal in coagulation disorders like haemophilia. Purpuras can be due to:
1. Platelet defects - Thrombocytopenic purpura.
1. Primary (Idiopathic) - Thrombocytopenic purpura
2. Secondary - Thrombocytopenic purpura
2. Vascular defects - Senile purpura

7. Clotting time
Clotting time is the time required for a sample of blood to coagulate in vitro under standard conditions. .

8. Method
Lee And White Method .
Materials and Instruments
1-water bath , 37C
2-Glass test tubes , 13 x 100mm.
3-Stopwatch.
4-Plastic syringe(10mL) .and 20-gauge needle
5-Fresh whole blood , 4mL .

9. Procedure
1-Label three test tubes with the patients name ,and number them ,
1, 2, and 3.
2-Withdraw 4mL of blood .
3-Carefully place 1mL of the blood in test tube 3,then 1mLin test
tube 2,and lastly ,1mLin the tube 1.Start the stopwatch as soon
as the blood is placed in tube 3.
4-Place the three test tubes in a 37C water bath .
5-At exactly 5minutes,tilt test tube 1gently to 45 angle .Repeat this
procedure every 30 seconds until the test tube can completely
inverted without spilling the contents i.e. until the blood is completely clotted.

10. 6-Record the time it took the blood to test tube 1 to clot .
7-Thirty seconds after the blood in test tube 1 is clotted ,proceed with
tube 2 and repeat the preceding procedure ,tilting the test tube
every 30 seconds until a clot is formed .Record the results .Repeat
this procedure for test tube 3 .
8- Since agitation and handling speed up coagulation ,the coagulation
time of test tube 3 is handling the reported result .

11. Normal value is 6- 10 minutes.
Bleeding time and clotting time are not the same. Bleeding time depends on the integrity of platelets and vessel walls, whereas clotting time depends on the availability of coagulation factors. In coagulation disorders like haemophilia, clotting time is prolonged but bleeding time remains normal.

12. Capillary tube method
Apparatus: non- heparinized capillary tube, stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Sterilize the finger using cotton & alcohol.
2. Puncture the finger using sterile lancet.
3. Fill the non-heparinized capillary tube & estimate the time from the beginning of filling.
4. After 30 seconds break a piece of the capillary tube and continue breaking every 30 seconds until a fibrin thread is formed.
5. The clotting time= No. of pieces/ 2