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4. Nature vs. Nurture Methods for Researching Human Development Introduction to Human Development Human Development > Introduction to Human Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology?campaign_content=book_5997_section_62&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_me dium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Natural human behavior is the result of already-present biological factors, whereas nurtured human behavior is the result of interaction with one's environment. Heritability refers to the origins of differences among people. Individual development, even of highly heritable traits such as eye color, depends on a range of environmental factors, such as other genes in the organism or temperature during development. The heritability of a trait can be measured, though this measurement cannot be applied to a specific individual. Instead, these measures refer to the degree of variation among individuals in a population. Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes. Gene-environment interactions indicate that individuals with certain genotypes are more likely to find themselves in certain environments. Nature vs. Nurture Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/human-development-9/introduction-to-human-development-62/nature-vs-nurture-256- 12800?campaign_content=book_5997_section_62&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Heritability Estimates View on Boundless.com Human Development > Introduction to Human Development

6. Developmental psychology examines issues such as the extent of development through gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, and the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures, versus learning through experience. To study changes in individuals over time, developmental psychologists utilize systematic observation, as naturalistic observations or structured observation; self-reports, clinical interviews or structured observations; clinical or case study method; and ethnography or participant observation. Regardless of whether studies employ the experimental, correlational, or case study methodology, they can use research designs, or logical frameworks which are used to make key comparisons within research studies. Common research designs include longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential, and microgenetic designs. Methods for Researching Human Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/alternative-to-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-robert-feldman-007760671x- 9780077606718/human-development-9/introduction-to-human-development-62/methods-for-researching-human-development-257- 12801?campaign_content=book_5997_section_62&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Developmental Psychology Research View on Boundless.com Human Development > Introduction to Human Development

7. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

8. Key terms cohort A demographic grouping of people, especially those in a defined age group, or having a common characteristic. correlation One of the several measures of the linear statistical relationship between two random variables, indicating the strength of the relationship but not necessarily the causation. ethnography The branch of anthropology that scientifically describes specific human cultures and societies. gene A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next, and that carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. heritability The ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance; i.e. the proportion of variability that is genetic in origin locus A fixed position on a chromosome that may be occupied by one or more genes. Longitudinal Sampling data over time rather than merely once. trait An identifying characteristic, habit or trend. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Human Development

9. Heritability Estimates This chart illustrates three patterns one might see when studying the influence of genes and environment on traits in individuals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Nature versus nurture." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurtureView on Boundless.com Human Development

10. Developmental Psychology Research Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wordpress. "Research « Richard Wiseman." License: Other http://richardwiseman.wordpress.com/research/overview/ View on Boundless.comLicense: Otherhttp://richardwiseman.wordpress.com/research/overview/View on Boundless.com Human Development

11. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Human Development The nature versus nurture debate has left developmental psychologists with the understanding that: A) Nature, or genes, dominates human development. B) Nature and nurture work together in human development. C) Nurture, or environment, dominates human development. D) Nature, or environment, dominates human development.

12. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Human Development The nature versus nurture debate has left developmental psychologists with the understanding that: A) Nature, or genes, dominates human development. B) Nature and nurture work together in human development. C) Nurture, or environment, dominates human development. D) Nature, or environment, dominates human development.

13. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Human Development Developmental psychologists utilize which of the following: A) Both of these answers B) Research methods, including experimental, cross-sectional, and case study. C) Research designs, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential, and microgenetic design. D) None of these answers

14. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Human Development Developmental psychologists utilize which of the following: A) Both of these answers B) Research methods, including experimental, cross-sectional, and case study. C) Research designs, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential, and microgenetic design. D) None of these answers

15. Attribution Wiktionary. "heritability." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heritabilityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heritability Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geneCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene Wiktionary. "locus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locus WIKIPEDIA. "Nature versus nurture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurtureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology WIKIBOOKS. "Introduction to Psychology/Human Development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Human_DevelopmentCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Human_Development WIKIPEDIA. "Nature versus nurture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurtureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture Wiktionary. "trait." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/traitCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trait WIKIPEDIA. "Microgenetic design." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgenetic_designCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgenetic_design WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology Wiktionary. "cohort." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cohortCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cohort Wiktionary. "correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correlationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correlation Wiktionary. "ethnography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnographyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnography Wiktionary. "Longitudinal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/LongitudinalCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Longitudinal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Human Development