1. Copyright © 2006 Heathkit Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Networking Technologies Introduction to TCP/IP

2. 2 Protocol A signed document containing the record of the points on which agreement has been reached by negotiating parties. The code of ceremonial forms and courtesies accepted as proper and correct in official dealings.

3. 3 In Networking, Protocols are: Agreements that describe how things work. Industry-wide frameworks that describe every aspect of communications between computers. Grouped together into Protocol Suites.

4. 4 In the PC world, the main Protocol Suites are: NetBEUI – Used in small Microsoft-based networks. SPX/IPX – Used primarily in Novell-based networks. TCP/IP – Must be used if the network is to connect to the Internet. But it is also widely used even in those networks that do not connect to the Internet.

5. 5 TCP/IP is: The Protocol of the Internet The number 1 protocol in the world for moving data around A suite of over 100 protocols One of the protocols supported by Windows 9X, Windows NT, and Windows 2000. One of the protocols supported by NetWare 5.0. The protocol of UNIX.

6. 6 TCP/IP- A suite of protocols Internet Protocol (IP) - The protocol that determines the Internet’s basic packet structure and its addressing scheme. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - The protocol that sets up a connection between two hosts and ensures that data is passed between them reliably.

7. 7 TCP/IP- A suite of protocols File Transport Protocol (FTP) - Defines file transfers among computers on the Internet. Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) - Describes the format of Internet email. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Defines how WWW data is transmitted between a server and a browser. Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP) - Defines how Usenet newsgroups and postings are transmitted.

8. 8 IP Address A logical rather than a physical address. How it is entered into your computer: Manually, by you or the network administrator. Automatically, via the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Works at the Networking Layer of the OSI model.

9. 9 Each computer on a network that uses the TCP/IP protocol must have its own unique IP address.

10. 10 TCP/IP

11. 11 IP Address Subnet Mask IP Address Tab IP Address Tab

12. 12 Default Gateway Default Gateway Tab Gateway Tab

13. 13 DNS Servers DNS Configuration Tab

14. 14

15. 15 IP Address 32-bits 1 00000011110100011100000 1 1 1 1 1000

16. 16 IP Address 4-Octets 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 01110 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 00000011110100011100000 1 1 1 1 1000

17. 17 IP Address Convert each octet to decimal 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 01110 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 205 208 1135

18. 18 IP Address Dotted-Decimal Notation 1 00000011111100011100000 1 1 111000 205 208 113 5 205. 208. 113.5.5

19. 19 Where does the IP address come from? If you are not connected to the Internet, your network administrator can “make up” a range of IP addresses and assign you one. If you are connected to the Internet, the IP address must be registered with the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC).

20. 20 Usually, you get your IP addresses from your local Internet Service Provider.

21. 21 Configuring TCP/IP Manually Automatically DHCP Autoconfiguration

22. 22 The IP Address is divided into two parts: Network ID (Assigned by InterNIC) Host ID (Assigned locally)

23. 23 205. 208. 113.5.5 Network ID Or Network Address Host ID Or Node Address

24. 24 IP Address 32-bits 1 00000011110100011100000 1 1 1 1 1000 Network ID Host ID

25. 25 The Subnet Mask A 32-bit number Makes the IP address more flexible. Indicates which part of the IP address is the Network ID and which is the node ID.

26. 26 The subnet mask. 0 1000000111111111111111111 1 1 1 1 1111 A string of 1s followed by a string of 0s. 1s indicate bits in Network ID 0s indicate bits in Node ID

27. 27 1 00000011110100011100000 1 1 1 1 1000 0 1000000111111111111111111 1 1 1 1 1111 Network ID Node ID

28. 28 Network ID Node ID 205. 208. 113. 5 255. 255. 255. 000 IP Address Subnet Mask

29. 29 Manually configuring TCP/IP IP address of each node Subnet mask Default gateway IP address DNS server IP address

30. 30

31. 31 Default Gateway The gateway to the world outside your own network. Usually a router. Routers interconnect networks. Networks outside your own are accessible through the default gateway.

32. 32 DNS Server DNS stands for Domain Name Service. Allows you to use domain names like www.nasa.gov or www.ford.com. Converts domain names into IP addresses.

33. 33 Automatically configuring TCP/IP. DHCP server Windows Auto-configure or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

34. 34

35. 35 DHCP Server automatically provides: IP address Subnet mask Default gateway address DNS addresses

36. 36 Windows Auto-configure Used when a DHCP server cannot be found. Windows supplies an IP address and a subnet mask. Formally called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA).

37. 37 Recognizing Auto- configuration. IP address: 169.254.000.001 through 169.254.255.254 Subnet mask: 255.255.000.000

38. 38 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) Allows computers in a small LAN to communicate without any other IP address configuration. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) reserves 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 for this purpose.

39. 39 Now, it’s your turn.