1. HORSES

2. Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Species: caballus (horse), asinus(bad word) Scientific Classification of horses

3. In 1960 there were 3 million horses in the US. The equine industry provided 1.4 million full-time equivalent jobs yearly and paid $1.9 billion in taxes. Racing and showing gives 27% of jobs. Recreation gives 31% of jobs. The remaining activities give 15% of jobs. The place of horses in the US

4. Major purposes for keeping horses are: -Racing, showing, recreation, and other. People are mainly in the horse industry for competition, leisure, and education. -All are used to improve quality of human life. Many of the competition events include English which are: -Hunter under saddle- movements and mannerisms are judged with pleasurable riding. - Saddle seat pleasure- horses movements and mannerisms are judged. - Dressage- perform highly advanced maneuvers in a specific pattern. - Stadium jumping- horses jump a course of jumps in order. - Three-day eventing- stadium jumping, dressage, and cross-country. GRAPH Purpose of the horse industry in the US

5. Other competitions are in Western style which are: - Reining- horse and rider perform a specific pattern with advanced maneuvers. - Cutting- horse cuts one cow from herd and holds it away from the herd. Horse must work the cow without any help from the rider. - Working cow horse- split into two categories. One is dry work which is the reining, and the cow work which is the horses ability to control the cow. - Western pleasure- manners and movements of horse are judged. - Trail- horse is judged by its ability to cleanly go through a course that deals with outdoor trail riding. - Western riding- horse is scored on lead changes through one of three patterns as well as manners. - Conformation events- horses conformation is judged. Purpose of the horse industry in the US

6. The horse industry is unique, compared to other industries, because we don’t primarily use them for food or other useable materials. Horses bring a satisfaction to those who decided to bring them into their lives. “Most livestock feed our bodies; the horse feeds our being.” -horses are unique compared to the other livestock industries because humans have bonded with their horses. They are more like a companion, than an animal. - Horses have also been a great tool of transportation, means of war, and beast of burden. Some of these tools are still used today but horses are needed less for their horsepower- term used to measure the pulling power exerted by the horse. Equal to the rate of moving 33,000 lbs. of a distance of 1 foot in 1 minute. Purpose of the horse industry in the US

7. -Horses were the last animal to be domesticated. -The domestication of horses started 1 million years ago in North America and spread to South America and to the Old World. -China and Mesopotamia, close to 3000 B.C., is the closest they can get to finding the date and place of the domestication. -Columbus was credited in introducing horses to the western part in 1493 where he brought them to the West Indies. - - the first horses to be introduced to North America were from the Spanish conquistadors, of Cortez, where he invaded Mexico, which is now the US. -A myth has been said that the Mustangs- feral horses in the American West, were descendants of strays from the expeditions. Historical Perspective

8. The Spanish brought horses in significant numbers. On this missions the Native Americans learned about horses. After this happened, the Native Americans all across the plains were using and spreading horses, which developed into their culture. In 1750 to 1850, the “wild” horse adapted and flourished in the US, and was known to be the most colorful and romanticized period of history. It was called “The Wild, Wild West.” Franciscan missionaries brought horses to the Southeast which was the bases for what is known as the Chickasaw horse. Over the course of our colonization new breeds and types of horses were brought to the continent. From 1890 to 1920, the horses were mainly used for drafting. From 1920 to 1960, horses declined. - In 1920 there were 25 million horses in the US and by 1960 there were 3 million horses. Historical Perspective

9. The U.S. economy increased and so the horse came back as a recreational use. In the 1980’s the horse population rose to around 10 million. In economic turmoil and tax codes the horses dwindled down to about 6.9 million in 1996. Horses increased in 2005, and today there is estimated to be less horses than in 2005. It is hard to estimate the exact amount of horses in todays age, but with new registrationw with major purebred associations there was a decline by 45% from 2005 to 2010. This proves that there is a decline in the whole population. Historical Perspective

10. Horses are found in all 50 states in both rural and urban areas. Breeding, rearing, and training are found in rural activities. Racetracks, shows, and so on are in urban activities. MAP TABLE Structure and geographic location of the horse industry

11. There are several classification schemes to describe the horse industry. Recreational horses- horses of the light breeds kept for riding, driving, and nonprofessional racing and showing follow the population. Racehorses follow the racetracks, which also follow the population. Heavily populated areas like California, Florida, and Texas have more horses because they have more people. TABLE Structure and geographic location of the horse industry

12. Genetics on horses are not as nearly in-depth as other livestock industries. First, horses are for recreation rather than food production. Second, the traits of a horse that are most important are difficult to measure and to evaluate in a research study. There are a number of heritability for some traits in horses. One area that receives the most attention is the coat color. Some colors are more wanted than others. Certain coat colors can demand higher prices than a less wanted color. Horse Genetics

13. Many DNA tests are available to show what the horses genetic code is. The table shows various alleles- alternative forms of any given gene, and actions of horse color genetics. TABLE 21-5 Horse gentics

14. TABLES 21-5 21-6 Horse Genetics

15. Basic Coat Colors Bay horses have a red-brown body with black legs, mane, and tail. points- are the legs, mane, and tail of a horse. Black horses are black Chestnut horses have a red body, mane, tails, and legs. Each of these colors have different shades from dark to light. They also have different names in different breeds. All of the colors are produced by the action of other genes called modifier genes which is a gene that influences the expression of another gene or genes. For example: A grey horse is not born grey. They are born one of the three colors and change to gray due to modifier genes. Sorrel, chestnut, and liver chestnut are shades of red. Brown horses may be black that have faded in the sun. Palominos are a chestnut color but changed by a separate diluter gene- type of modifier gene that changes a base color to a lighter color.

16. Gene G- causes horses to be gray. Gene E- controls black hair. Gene A- determining gene that controls the distribution pattern of black hair. Gene W- makes horse unable to form pigment in skin and hair. Diluting Genes- established genetic makeup of white, gray, bay, black, and chestnut. Gene C- causes pigment dilution and is an incompletely dominant gene- neither allele is dominant to the other. Gene D- dilution gene that produces dun coloring. Gene CH- produces a clor dilution plus mottled gray skin, a metallic sheen to hair, and eyes are blue when born and turn to hazel.

17. Gene Z- in a black horse it changes to a black-chocolate, or mane and tail with sliver. Roan- when white hair is mixed with colored hair over the body. Leopard- controls if the horse has complex of spotting and diffuse roan patterns like a leopard, appaloosa, and tiger spotting. Spotting- Paint and pinto horses have colored patterns by some body color with white. Tobianos- have white on the legs below hocks and white across the back. Overos- have bald faces, legs are colored

18. Flaxen Mane and Tail Gene F produces a red mane and tail on chestnut horses. Additional Common Markings White markings such as stars, stripes, and snips on the face and white stockings. Genetic Diseases in Horses To control the disease you have to know the disease common to the breed.

19. Horses are usually classified as light horses, draft horses, and ponies. Most horses are in the light class, but the divisions are broken down by height, weight build, etc. Most classify horses with hands- one hand equal 4 inches. Horses measure for height at the withers in hands. So how does one distinguish between ponies and horses? Horses are referred to hands, and ponies are referred to in inches. Some horses are developed for riding, work, racing, driving, and other tasks. Different horses have natural tendencies toward certain gaits- forward movement of a horse. The three natural gaits are the walk, trot, and canter. Breeds of Horses

20. Draft Horses During the highest number of horses in the US 75-85% were draft horses. -Two most known draft horses are Percherons and Belgian. -The third most known is the Clydesdale and the Shire. Imported Light Breeds - The two light breeds that are known are Arabians and Thoroughbreds. - The Arabian is known for their intelligence and stamina. - The thoroughbred was developed using Arabian breeding. They are well-known for racing, hunting, jumping, and polo. Breeds of Horses

21. Breeds of Horses developed in the US Morgans - They were developed in the Northeast for light draft and driving horse. The breed is unusual because of it traces back to a single animal which is the stallion- a mature male horse that is not castrated, Justin Morgan. He was a prepotent- an animal that transmits its characteristics to its offspring, His descendents became very popular for riding and driving. Standardbred - They were developed as a carriage horse and harness racing. The name came from its ability to trot a mile under 2:30 or 2:25. American Saddlebred Horse - They were developed for riding comfortably rather than for speed. Breeds of horses

22. Tennessee Walking Horse - They were developed for the same reason as the American Saddle Horse. They are different from other horses because they have the walk, running walk, and canter gaits. Quarter Horse - Is the most numerous horse in the US. They were developed for work on ranches as a stock horse- any horse trained and used for working livestock. They are also used for racing, rodeos, shows, and pleasure riding. Appaloosa - They were selected for their color patterns. They are named by the Palouse River were the tribe, Nez Perce, lived. The stud book- set of records a breed association keeps on the animals registered with it, the Appaloosa varies between a Quarter horse, Thoroughbred, and an Arabian. Breeds of horses

23. Breed popularity - The quarter horse is by far the largest number of new horses each year. TABLE 21-8 Breeds of Horses

24. 50-60% of mares bred to foal actually have a foal the following year. This is why the horse has the reputation as a fairly infertile animal. The way people breed their horses have a high percentage of foal failure. The procedure is: 1) spend months deciding what stallion to use 2) save money to afford the stud fee 3) Take mare on rides and see if she shows signs of heat. 4) Go home and call stallion owner and bring her over. 5) breed the mare, load her up, and bring her home 6) Turn her out into the pasture, and wait 11 months 7) Be disappointed when no foal appears. Reproductive Management

25. To tell the truth the reputation of a horse is not always true. Many mares have a high percentage of giving birth to a foal. Mares have a seasonally polyestrous- when aniaml has a repeated estrous cycle but only response to an environmental factor, and only conceives during certain times of the year. Anestrus- period of time when female is not having estrous cycle, which is usually during November until February. It is crucial for mares to be bred when the mare is mated with an egg to be fertilized. Reproductive management

26. Heat detection is usually used with teasing- placing a stallion and a mare close to each other and observing the mare’s actions. Using ultrasonography- using ultrasound waves to see the deep tissue of the body and rectal palpation helps see the time of ovulation. Mares are teased with a stallion to determine signs of estrus. Ones who show shigns of estrus are palpated. -Signs of estrus is winking of the vulva, urination, squatting, or seeking the stallion.

27. Many horse owners pay millions of dollars on food to put in horse rations- feed allotment for an animal for a 24-hour period. They spend money on the expensive grains or oats, when an other brand, that’s cheaper, has the same value. Nutrition and nutritional management revolves around the fact that horses are monogastric with a functional cecum. This allows the horse to use a high amount of forage in the ration and still do well. Horses evolved using its speed as a survival technique. This developed continuous eater strategy- eating in small amounts through the day while moving along. Some horses are feed once a day and that can lead to problems of colic- digestive disturbance, or impacted intestine- constipation. Diets are fed to different classes of horses. If a horse is pregnant you will feed her different rations than a mare that’s not. Nutrition and feeding of horses

28. It is important to know the horses body weight if the horse is to be fed properly. Weight in pounds= heart girth in inches squared x body length in inches ____________________________________________ 330 TABLE 21-9 Nutrition and feeding of horses

29. Horses should receive a minimum of 0.75-1% of their body weight daily in roughage. Long hay-hay that’s not chopped or ground, is the least expensive. Cubed hay- hay is forced through dies to produce 3 cm. product. Horses that are allowed to graze can consume enough forage for their daily requirement. Stabled horses don’t get enough forage and some owners reduce the amount of forage to keep their horses from having a large cecum which is referred to as “hay belly”. Horses that don’t get enough forage can come down to wood biting, cribbing, and etc. Horses need good forage or there can have digestive problems, and have mold, insects, etc.

30. Feeding horses to a particular body function- amount of fat on an animal’s body, is a tool nutritionists use. They need a moderate to fleshy body condition. The concentrate portion of rations for horses can be mixed or pelleted- feeds that are grounded and then compacted by forcing them through die openings. - needed for horses to receive the right amount of nutrients. Overfeeding -many owners mistake the coffee can to hold as much oats as coffee beans. - horse feed should be weighted. Scales are cheaper than having to deal with laminitis which is inflammation of the laminae of the hoof due to overeating.

31. Colic - painful digestive disturbance that involves one or more regions of the intestinal tract. Laminitis - laminae are infoldings of tissue that make up the layer of the horses hooves between the coffin bone- bottommost bone of horses leg. Heaves - also known as recurrent airway obstruction, is an allergic disease of horses that cause coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. Challenges to horse health

32. Education and Research - education and research is important in the horse injury for the lives of humans and their horses. - Unsoundness is an injury or defect that interferes with the ability for the horse to do their purpose. Competition - the owner has to face the choices of their money and time. Have to figure ways to bring in money. - Examples of new ways of trending towards timed or scored events. - They are mainly trying to attract baby boomers- population born in 1946 to 1964. Trends and factors influencing the horse industry

33. New Owners -baby boomers Safety Concerns - baby boomers West Nile Virus - disease that threats the human, horse, dog, and bird population. Social Issues Horse Slaughter has been ceased in 2007. Horses are still sent to slaughter in Mexico and Canada.

34. FACTS ABOUT HORSES PG.488 THE END