1. Napoleon Bonaparte Hero or Villain ?

2. Background Born 1769: Corsica, France Early Education: French philosophes, famous military campaigns Education conducted on a scholarship Short (not that there is anything wrong with that ) Italian accent; not popular with his officers

3. Rise to Power: Beginning Military Successes 1792: Captain 1794: Brigadier general by the Committee of Public Safety, age of 24 1796: commander of French armies in Italy –Italian campaigns won him the support of all who were led by him. 1797: Deemed a hero, given command of an army to invade Britain –Almost saw defeat in Egypt as he faced the British navy, but flees to Paris before it is utter defeat

6. Coup d’etat Goal: 1) overthrow the “moderate” directory 2) set up new gov’t: republic New Government: French Republic –Napoleon: First Consul –Appointed officials, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, influenced legislature –1802: named Consul for life Plebiscite: an election when all citizen vote yes or no 3,568,885—yes; 8,374—no –1804: crowns himself emperor of France Plebiscite held and confirms again

8. Napoleon’s Throne

9. What is Napoleon saying about the revolution? what he wants for France now ? “The Revolution is safe on my watch. I am the product of the revolution myself. But the chaos and uncertainty of the Revolution is going to be over. People should go back to their private interests, their private concerns. And the new government will provide the order and the stability and the strength to allow that to happen."

10. Concordat of 1801 aNapoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. aBut, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime. aNapoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. aBut, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

11. Concordat of 1801 aCatholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest. aCatholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. aPapal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. aBishops subservient to the regime. aEventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

12. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies Peace with the Catholic Church –1801: Agreement between Napoleon and the Pope that the majority of France would be a Catholic state, as long as the church didn’t ask for land back Napoleonic Code or Civil Code: law codes –Equality before the law –Right to choose profession –Religious toleration –Abolition of serfdom and feudal obligations –All equal before the law…except Napoleon, the law doesn’t apply to him

13. Napoleon and His Code

14. In his words… “ If there are problems with a government that is too strong, there are many more with a government that is too weak. Things don’t work unless you break the law every day.”

15. A step backwards for women… During the radical revolution, women gained more rights, however under Napoleon these gains were taken away: Divorce was no longer easier for women to obtain Daughters could no longer inherit property Women lost any control of property when they were married Women could not testify in court

16. A New Bureaucracy Meritocracy—Napoleon created a system in which public and military officials were appointed based on talent, not rank or birth. 1808-1814 –3,200 nobles created 60% military officers; 40% civil/state/local officers 60% of this new group were from the middle class Only 22% were from noble families

17. Other Policies Economic Reform –Balanced the governments budget –Set up a national bank Businessmen can get credit at very low rates Censorship –Shutdown 60 of 73 French newspapers –All print had to be approved –Private mail censored Propaganda to support his cause

18. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000

19. Napoleon’s Military Conquest Napoleon was fighting against the coalition—Russia, Great Britain, and Austria (later joined by Sweden and Prussia) –1805-1807 The French are able to defeat Austria, Prussia, and Russia in the battles of: Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, and Eylau

20. The Parts of the Grand Empire The French Empire: the core, the Rhine to the east and western half of Italy The dependent states: kingdoms ruled by relatives of Napoleon –Spain, Holland, Kingdom of Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine The allied states: countries defeated by Napoleon and join in the struggle against Britain. –Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden

22. Two factors for the decline of Napoleon’s Empire 1.Britain’s ability to resist Napoleon. Britain has a superior navy British fleet defeats Spain and French together at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 2.The rise of Nationalism. Defined: sense of unique identity of a people Defeated nations began to unite under this idea against Napoleon Offered strength to challenge Napoleon’s rule

23. Bad Idea #1 1.Continental System: Goal: To make Europe economically independent. He cut off all trade between Britain and European society. Reality: European countries smuggled goods with Britain. They needed these industrialized goods.

24. The Continental System

25. British Cartoon

26. Bad Idea #2 1.Invasion of Russia When Russia refused to follow the continental system, Napoleon felt he had to invade. (BAD IDEA!) Napoleon invades with 600,000. The Russian retreat and implement the scorched-earth policy…burn everything as they retreat. Napoleon’s troops are trapped in Russia in the winter with nothing to aid in their survival. Of the 600,000 only 40,000 survive the winter and the cold.

27. Invasion of Russia

28. Napoleon’s End March 1814: Paris is captured by the coalition nations Napoleon sent to exile on the island of Elba Louis XVIII was given the throne (brother to Louis XVI) –Had very little support from the people

29. Napoleon’s End (again) Refusing to give up, Napoleon returns from exile to troops that support him. The coalition refuse to allow the “Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World” to rise again. Napoleon takes Paris and heads to Waterloo The Duke of Wellington leads the British and Prussian army against Napleon. He is sent to exile to St. Helena. Dies in 1821