1. BR-main Before Reading 2. An English Song 3. Word Web 4. Consumers’ Rights 1. Warm-up Questions 5. Modern Consumers

2. BR1- Warm-up Questions1 Warm-up Questions 1. What do you think of the saying “Consumers are God.”? 2. What are possible factors affecting consumers’ choices of products? 3. What do you think are consumers’ duties? Are consumers always honest?

3. BR1- an english song lf you search for it isn’t hard to find. You can have the love you need to live, but if you look for you might just as well be blind. It always seems to be so hard to give. Honesty is such a word. Everyone is so untrue. Honesty is hardly ever heard and mostly what I need from you. tenderness ___________, truthfulness __________, lonely _______ An English Song — Honesty

4. BR1- an english song2 I can always find someone to say they If I wear my heart out on my but I don’t want some pretty face to tell me pretty All I want is someone to believe. Honesty is such a lonely word. Everyone is so untrue. Honesty is hardly ever heard and mostly what I need from you. I can find a lover. I can find a friend. I can have until the bitter end. Anyone can with promises again. sympathize ___________. sleeve _______, lies ______. security _______ comfort me __________ When l’m deep inside of me, don’t be too I won’t ask for nothing while l’m gone. But when l want tell me where else can l turn because you’re the one that l depend upon. Honesty is such a lonely word. Everyone is so untrue. Honesty is hardly ever heard and mostly what I need from you. concerned _________. sincerity _______, I know I know l know oh oh...

5. BR1- word web Word Web Directions: Find as many words as possible about honesty. honesty sincerity integrity upright frank straightforward genuine hearty faithful cordial wholehearted

6. BR1- consumers’rights Consumers’ Rights Directions: Listen to the passage and answer the following questions: 1. According to the passage, what are the basic rights of consumers? 2. What kind of products may cause consumers’ injuries?

7. BR1- consumers’rights2 Consumers’ rights: The basic rights of consumers, as set forth by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in his 1962 message to Congress on consumerism, are the following: (1) the right to safety; (2) the right to be informed; (3) the right to choose; and (4) the right to be heard. Each of these rights is of major importance in the objectives of the consumer-protection movement. Products offered for sale should not pose undue ( 不适当的 ) risk of physical harm to consumers or their families; yet in a recent year, for example, some 33 million people in the U.S. were reported injured — and 30,000 were killed — in product-related accidents. Products that cause injuries include impure food, defectively manufactured automobiles and tires, the drugs that have harmful side effects, and unsafe appliances, etc.

8. BR1- modern consumers Modern Consumers

9. BR1- modern consumers2 Globalization is only one force changing the way companies market their products or services. Another involves changes in the very interests and desires of consumers themselves. Consumers today are more sophisticated than those of the past generations. They attend school for a much longer period of time; they are exposed to newspapers, magazines, motion pictures, radio, television, and Internet; and they have much greater interaction with other people. Their demands are more exacting, and their taste changes more volatile. Markets tend to be segmented as each group calls for products suited to its particular tastes. “Positioning” the product — that is, determining the exact segment of the population that is likely to buy a product, and then developing a marketing campaign to enhance the product’s image to fit that particular segment — requires great care and planning. This type of campaign is known as target marketing.

10. GR-MAIN Global Reading 2. Further Understanding 1. Part Division of the Text 3. Role Play For Part 2 Multiple Choice For Part 3 True or False For Part 1 Questions

11. GR- Part Division of the Text Part Division of the Text PartsParagraphsMain Ideas 1 2 3 1~3 4~16 17~19 How consumers should act in the marketplace? What is ethical and unethical consumer behavior? Why an understanding of one’s responsibilities in the marketplace is even more important today than it was in the past?

12. GR-Q AND A What are the factors that may influence consumers’ choices of products? Why are consumers willing to buy some products of higher prices? What are the duties and responsibilities that consumers should have? 1. 2. 3. Questions

13. B Choose the best answers. GR-Text mutiple choice 1. Which of the following does not belong to ethical behavior? A) Sending back the products that have not been charged. B) Buying products which have been mispriced to be cheaper without informing the clerk. C) Demanding a replacement of products which have been damaged upon arrival. D) Paying the bills that the book club sends you. ___________________________

14. A D GR-Text mutiple choice2 2. Sometimes consumers are not afraid of being sued by manufacturers because. A)legal action may cost much more than the amount that manufacturers try to make consumers repay B) they haven’t done anything unethical C) they would apologize to manufacturers D) the court does not accept such cases _____________ 3. If one consumer doesn’t pay for the benefits he receives, who has to pay? A)Manufacturers. B)Sellers. C)Retailers. D)Other consumers. _______

15. C B GR-Text mutiple choice3 4. Which of the following is not one of the reasons why airlines overbook flights? A) Some passengers may cancel their planned trips. B) Some passengers do not show up at the last minute. C) Airlines want to sell more tickets. D) Some passengers make multiple reservations. 5. The nuisance suit was often settled. A)by law B)out of court C)by insurance company D)by consumers ____

16. A GR-Text mutiple choice4 6. Consumers can sue sellers and manufacturers. A)if injuries are caused by improper product design B)if the product is not sealed tightly C)if manufacturers set the product at a high price D)if consumers do not know how to use the product ____

17. T F T T F GR-true and false 1.We are not paying enough attention to our responsibilities toward others today because today’s market is more and more impersonal. 2.Nowadays most transactions are conducted face to face. 3.Consumers’ unethical behavior may lead to the result that they cannot enjoy the store’s service any more. 4.Consumers would feel guilty if they know the person of their fraud in the market. 5.Computer network in the market may help establish personal relationship between buyers and sellers. ( ) In the past most transactions were conducted face to face. ( ) Computerized networks are increasingly hiding the identities and behavior of individual buyers and sellers in the marketplace. ( )

18. GR-role play Role Play Form a pair. You and your partner ordered by mail a cell phone from a department store. Several days later, you dropped the phone on the ground by accident and you decided to return the damaged cell phone to the store, claiming that it was damaged when it arrived by mail and demanding a replacement. Your partner tried to dissuade you from acting dishonestly.

19. Roger LeRoy Miller and Alan D. Stafford TEXT-S-1-2 When Americans make consumer decisions, they usually consider more than the price and quality of products offered for sale. Other factors that may influence their choices include where and how the items were produced, if they were made by union labor, and whether they were made in an environmentally responsible way. For example, you might choose not to shop at a store that you believe discriminates against women or ethnic minorities. Many people are willing to pay higher prices for products manufactured or offered for sale in what they believe are socially responsible ways. In a similar way consumers often make choices that reflect values they have set for their personal behavior. How often have you seen a store clerk make a mistake that would have caused you to pay less than the actual price for what you were buying? Did you tell the clerk that he or she had made a mistake, or did you take advantage of the situation to pay a lower price? Ethics and the Consumer

20. TEXT-S-2-3 If you broke a dish by accident in a china store, would you feel responsible to pay for it? If you were harmed by a defective product you had purchased, would you sue for an amount of money that was greater than the value of your loss? Although some people do these things, many American consumers choose to behave in what they regard as a socially / morally responsible way. All consumers have duties and responsibilities that can be summarized in one sentence: The consumer has a duty to act honestly and ethically when purchasing products and services. An age-old aphorism holds that “what goes around comes around.” In the context of consumer dealings this means that if enough consumers act dishonestly, prices of consumer products and services will rise, harming all other consumers.

21. TEXT-S-4-5 Ethical behavior essentially means acting in accordance with one’s moral and ethical convictions as to what is right and what is wrong. Many commonly held ethical convictions are written into our laws. But ethical behavior sometimes requires us to do more than just comply with laws in order to avoid the penalty of breaking them. In some circumstances, one can break the law and be fairly certain no one will ever find out about it. Imagine, for example, that you purchased a number of items from your local Wal-Mart and discovered when you got home that the cashier had failed to charge you for a $16 CD you had chosen. What is your obligation? Obviously, the CD does not legally belong to you — you have not paid for it. But why should you have to take the time and trouble to return to the store to pay for the item? After all, it wasn’t your fault that the cashier did not ring up the purchase price of the item. What would your decision be? Would it make a difference if the item had a much higher or a much smaller price? What Is Ethical Behavior?

22. TEXT-S-6 Consider another possible situation where you know something is wrong before you actually get a product home. Suppose you regularly buy a particular brand of spaghetti sauce that you know costs $2.19 per jar. One day while shopping at a convenience store (that does not use a barcode scanner to determine product prices at the checkout) you see several jars that have been mispriced at $1.19. What would you do? Would you try to buy all the jars at the lower price, only one or two of them, or would you tell the clerk that a mistake had been made? This time you cannot rationalize your decision by saying “I didn’t know.” But then it isn’t your fault a mistake was made. What do you believe the ethical consumer choice would be?

23. TEXT-S-7 It’s Not Always Easy These examples illustrate that it’s not always easy to do the “right thing” — or even to know what the right thing to do is in a given set of circumstances. You could be pretty certain that in the case of the CD no one would ever know you had obtained the product without paying for it. Wal-Mart officials surely wouldn’t report you to the police or come knocking at your door. They have no idea where their merchandise goes to. The case of the mispriced spaghetti sauce is only a little different. If anyone asked you about the price, you could simply say you didn’t know what the price should have been. In cases like these, there is a temptation to take the “gift” offered to you by fate. In addition to having more money left over to buy other products, your sterling reputation in the community as an ethical person would not be marred in the slightest, because no one else would ever know what you had done. But you would. And this is what ethics is all about.

24. TEXT-S-7--8 At the heart of ethical decision-making is determining whether you personally feel that a given action is right or wrong, and acting accordingly. After all, you’re the one who has to live with your conscience. Somebody Has to Pay When trying to determine the rightness or wrongness of a given action, it is helpful to consider the consequences of each alternative. Keep in mind that if you don’t pay for benefits you receive, someone else will have to. As economists are prone to emphasize, there is no such thing as a “free lunch.” In other words, somebody, somewhere, has to pay for all that is produced and consumed. And that somebody is another consumer — or, rather, other consumers. This is because sellers who absorb these added costs will pass them on eventually to all purchasers in the form of higher prices.

25. text-S-9 While most consumers act responsibly in their purchase transactions, they are obviously not saints any more than businesspersons are. And examples are plentiful of consumers who give in to the temptation to evade the letter of the law in order to get “something for nothing.” Consider, for example, the following scenario: Jeannie orders by mail a new Nikon camera from Flash Electronics, a discount house in a distant city. The camera arrives by mail, and Jeannie immediately uses it to take photographs to be included in the book she is writing. A few days later, she drops the camera and breaks the casing. She decides to “pass the buck” to the seller and returns the camera to Flash Electronics, claiming that the camera was broken when it arrived and demanding a replacement. Examples of Unethical Consumer Behavior

26. TEXT-S-9-10 Jeannie, who eventually receives the replacement camera, has just saved herself the cost of repairing the broken camera — at the expense of the discount firm, of course, or the manufacturer. But she suffers few pangs of conscience about her dishonesty. After all, she reasons, Flash Electronics and Nikon are huge and profitable businesses. Whereas the repair bill would be but a drop in the bucket for Flash Electronics or Nikon, it would represent Jeannie’s entire food budget for a week. What Jeannie overlooks in her reasoning is the long-run consequences of her behavior. In the short run, yes, the discount house or the manufacturer will pay for the repairs. But, ultimately, who pays? Other consumers, like Jeannie, who buy cameras or other products from the discount house and Nikon and who have to pay more because of Jeannie’s fraud. But Jeannie might still rationalize that the cost of the camera repair — when spread out over thousands of consumers — would represent no real burden to each individual consumer, which is true.

27. TEXT-S-10-11-12 It takes little effort to imagine dozens of other ways in which consumers have behaved dishonestly or unethically to gain a personal benefit at the expense or inconvenience of others. We look here at just a few variations of this theme. So Sue Me Most consumers periodically receive in the mail invitations to subscribe to certain magazines, or to “sign here” and receive a product to try out for 30 days, and so on. A typical offer is to sign up for membership in a book club. All you have to do is sign and send a card to receive, say, four books for which you will be billed $1 at some future date. Of course, having signed up for membership in the club, you will be obligated to purchase a given number of books per year — or at least notify the club each month if you don’t want a particular book or books. You receive the four books and, after a few months, have received several more. But, if all — or even a substantial number of — consumers acted similarly to Jeannie, what then?

28. TEXT-S-12-13 You haven’t had time to read the books, don’t really want them, and don’t really want to be a member of the club. But you’re busy and fail to do anything about it. Eventually, the book club begins to send stern demands for payment — you owe them $69. You are a struggling student, short of money, and you ignore the bill. It certainly does not take priority in your budget. If they want to sue you for collection, fine. You are not worried about it because you know that the amount is too trivial to justify any legal action against you by the book club. Eventually, to your relief, they stop sending you any bills at all — your account has been written off as a “bad debt” — along with hundreds of others. And you have acquired six “free” books. Me First, Please Many consumers have been inconvenienced by delays and other travel complications because of overbooked airline flights. They could not board their designated flight — for which they had reservations — because the plane was full.

29. TEXT-S-13-14 Airlines overbook flights because they can predict, based on past flight records, that a certain number of passengers will cancel or change their reservations at the last minute or simply not show. Some passengers pay higher rates for the privilege of changing flights at the last minute, if necessary. Other passengers cancel their planned trips owing to unforeseen circumstances that arise. But part of airline overbooking is due to consumers who make multiple reservations. Although airlines, by requiring advance ticketing, have curbed the problems caused by multiple reservations somewhat, it is still estimated that between one-third and one-half of overbooking is done because of multiple reservations made by consumers. More “Me First” Toni buys an expensive new dress for a special party she has been invited to attend. She wears the dress to the party, receives many compliments on it, but decides it was really far too expensive a purchase. She returns it to the store for a refund.

30. text-S-14-15 The sales clerk does not inspect the dress closely and fails to notice the ginger ale stains on the front. Toni gets her refund. The result? Either the next purchaser gets a slightly soiled dress instead of the brand-new garment she paid for, or the store must discount the price of the dress heavily to sell it if the stain is discovered. Make the Manufacturer Pay In the past two decades American courts and consumer- protection statutes have increasingly sought to protect the “little person” against the powerful corporate entity or business firm. This has been a boon to consumers who are injured by faulty products they have purchased. It allows them to sue sellers and manufacturers for compensation, in the form of money damages, for injuries caused by carelessness in product design or production. But now and then a consumer will take advantage of these laws and of the court system to seek damages from the product manufacturer or retailer. Assume, for example, that John, a minibike enthusiast, purchases minibikes for his two sons, ages 9 and 11.

31. racing with another friend on a minibike, the oldest son, Chad, carelessly runs three stop signs and then enters a fourth intersection while looking backward toward his friend. Chad carelessly runs three stop signs and then enters a fourth intersection while looking backward toward his friend. Chad is hit by a truck and injured. John sues the manufacturer of the minibike for damages, claiming that the minibike is a dangerous product and should not have been placed on the market. text-S-15 In the instruction manual, and clearly indicated in large letters on the bikes themselves, are instructions not to use the bikes on city streets and always to wear a helmet while riding them. Nonetheless, John allows his sons to ride on the city streets without helmets. One day, while

32. TEXT-S-16 Sellers are also often faced with so-called nuisance lawsuits. A typical one might involve the following series of events: Jerry, in a daze about his latest girlfriend, walks through a hardware store, carelessly trips over a stepladder being displayed very close to a wall (and definitely not a hazard), falls, and falsely claims that he injured his back. Alleging that the owner was negligent by having the stepladder displayed as it was, he sues the owner for damages. Similarly, Jane sues the owner of a national chain store for $10,000, alleging that a can of paint displayed on a shelf in the owner’s store fell on her toe and injured it. And on and on. Such suits are often settled by the store owners out of court, because it would cost them more to defend themselves in court than to settle. The Nuisance Suit

33. TEXT-S-16-17 In the increasingly impersonal and mechanized marketplace of today it is much easier to lose sight of our responsibilities toward others than it once was. This is because in today’s consumer world, the “others” are usually abstract entities and not people we know personally. In the past, when stores were smaller and most transactions were conducted face to face, consumers were more motivated to act honestly and ethically because they also faced the consequences of their actions directly. Imagine, for example, that Jeannie in the camera example had lived in 1900 instead of the 1990s. Even though most store owners carry liability insurance, out of which such claims are paid, the insurance is not free to the store — and the premiums will rise (and they have risen dramatically in recent years) as more claims have to be paid by insurance firms. Ethics in an Impersonal Marketplace

34. TEXT-S-17-18 After breaking her camera, she returned it to her local camera store, claiming that it was already broken when she purchased it from the seller. Very likely, the seller would remember the transaction, would know that the camera had been in good condition, and would know that Jeannie was acting dishonestly — regardless of whether he could prove it. Jeannie might be deprived of — or at least face a reduced quality in — the services of that store, and her reputation in the community could be affected. Because of these possible negative consequences, it might not even occur to Jeannie to defraud the seller. Moreover, if she knew the merchant quite well, she might have some strong ethical reservations about requiring the merchant to pay for the broken casing for which she alone was responsible. Now let’s return to the present and to a much different marketplace.

35. When Jeannie returned the camera to the discount house, she knew that she was being dishonest, but she would not lose sleep at night over the “victim” of her fraud — who was not a real person but an X quantity of “others”. Moreover, and perhaps most significantly, Jeannie was quite sure that she would never be “caught”. No one would ever know of her dishonesty, and she would face no negative consequences. The worst that could happen is that the discount store would refuse to repair or replace her camera. In short, Jeannie felt little incentive to be ethical. Because there are fewer external constraints to guide us toward ethical consumer behavior, an understanding of one’s responsibilities in the marketplace is even more important today than it was in the past. Huge chain store operations and computerized networks are increasingly hiding the identities — and the behavior — of individual buyers and sellers in the marketplace. And if we are slightly dishonest or violate our own ethical standards occasionally, who will know? TEXT-S-18-19

36. TEXT-w-1-2 When Americans make consumer decisions, they usually consider more than the price and quality of products offered for sale. Other factors that may influence their choices include where and how the items were produced, if they were made by union labor, and whether they were made in an environmentally responsible way. For example, you might choose not to shop at a store that you believe discriminates against women or ethnic minorities. Many people are willing to pay higher prices for products manufactured or offered for sale in what they believe are socially responsible ways. In a similar way consumers often make choices that reflect values they have set for their personal behavior. How often have you seen a store clerk make a mistake that would have caused you to pay less than the actual price for what you were buying? Did you tell the clerk that he or she had made a mistake, or did you take advantage of the situation to pay a lower price? Ethics and the Consumer Roger LeRoy Miller and Alan D. Stafford

37. TEXT-W-2-3 If you broke a dish by accident in a china store, would you feel responsible to pay for it? If you were harmed by a defective product you had purchased, would you sue for an amount of money that was greater than the value of your loss? Although some people do these things, many American consumers choose to behave in what they regard as a socially / morally responsible way. All consumers have duties and responsibilities that can be summarized in one sentence: The consumer has a duty to act honestly and ethically when purchasing products and services. An age-old aphorism holds that “what goes around comes around.” In the context of consumer dealings this means that if enough consumers act dishonestly, prices of consumer products and services will rise, harming all other consumers.

38. TEXT-w-4-5 Ethical behavior essentially means acting in accordance with one’s moral and ethical convictions as to what is right and what is wrong. Many commonly held ethical convictions are written into our laws. But ethical behavior sometimes requires us to do more than just comply with laws in order to avoid the penalty of breaking them. In some circumstances, one can break the law and be fairly certain no one will ever find out about it. Imagine, for example, that you purchased a number of items from your local Wal-Mart and discovered when you got home that the cashier had failed to charge you for a $16 CD you had chosen. What is your obligation? Obviously, the CD does not legally belong to you — you have not paid for it. But why should you have to take the time and trouble to return to the store to pay for the item? After all, it wasn’t your fault that the cashier did not ring up the purchase price of the item. What would your decision be? Would it make a difference if the item had a much higher or a much smaller price? What Is Ethical Behavior?

39. TEXT-W-7 These examples illustrate that it’s not always easy to do the “right thing” — or even to know what the right thing to do is in a given set of circumstances. You could be pretty certain that in the case of the CD no one would ever know you had obtained the product without paying for it. Wal-Mart officials surely wouldn’t report you to the police or come knocking at your door. They have no idea where their merchandise goes to. The case of the mispriced spaghetti sauce is only a little different. If anyone asked you about the price, you could simply say you didn’t know what the price should have been. In cases like these, there is a temptation to take the “gift” offered to you by fate. In addition to having more money left over to buy other products, your sterling reputation in the community as an ethical person would not be marred in the slightest, because no one else would ever know what you had done. But you would. And this is what ethics is all about. It’s Not Always Easy

40. TEXT-W-7-8 At the heart of ethical decision-making is determining whether you personally feel that a given action is right or wrong, and acting accordingly. After all, you’re the one who has to live with your conscience. Somebody Has to Pay When trying to determine the rightness or wrongness of a given action, it is helpful to consider the consequences of each alternative. Keep in mind that if you don’t pay for benefits you receive, someone else will have to. As economists are prone to emphasize, there is no such thing as a “free lunch.” In other words, somebody, somewhere, has to pay for all that is produced and consumed. And that somebody is another consumer — or, rather, other consumers. This is because sellers who absorb these added costs will pass them on eventually to all purchasers in the form of higher prices.

41. TEXT-W-9 While most consumers act responsibly in their purchase transactions, they are obviously not saints any more than businesspersons are. And examples are plentiful of consumers who give in to the temptation to evade the letter of the law in order to get “something for nothing.” Consider, for example, the following scenario: Jeannie orders by mail a new Nikon camera from Flash Electronics, a discount house in a distant city. The camera arrives by mail, and Jeannie immediately uses it to take photographs to be included in the book she is writing. A few days later, she drops the camera and breaks the casing. She decides to “pass the buck” to the seller and returns the camera to Flash Electronics, claiming that the camera was broken when it arrived and demanding a replacement. Examples of Unethical Consumer Behavior

42. It takes little effort to imagine dozens of other ways in which consumers have behaved dishonestly or unethically to gain a personal benefit at the expense or inconvenience of others. We look here at just a few variations of this theme. So Sue Me Most consumers periodically receive in the mail invitations to subscribe to certain magazines, or to “sign here” and receive a product to try out for 30 days, and so on. A typical offer is to sign up for membership in a book club. All you have to do is sign and send a card to receive, say, four books for which you will be billed $1 at some future date. Of course, having signed up for membership in the club, you will be obligated to purchase a given number of books per year — or at least notify the club each month if you don’t want a particular book or books. You receive the four books and, after a few months, have received several more. TEXT-W-10-11-12 But, if all — or even a substantial number of — consumers acted similarly to Jeannie, what then?

43. TEXT-W-12-13 You haven’t had time to read the books, don’t really want them, and don’t really want to be a member of the club. But you’re busy and fail to do anything about it. Eventually, the book club begins to send stern demands for payment — you owe them $69. You are a struggling student, short of money, and you ignore the bill. It certainly does not take priority in your budget. If they want to sue you for collection, fine. You are not worried about it because you know that the amount is too trivial to justify any legal action against you by the book club. Eventually, to your relief, they stop sending you any bills at all — your account has been written off as a “bad debt” — along with hundreds of others. And you have acquired six “free” books. Me First, Please Many consumers have been inconvenienced by delays and other travel complications because of overbooked airline flights. They could not board their designated flight — for which they had reservations — because the plane was full.

44. TEXT-W-13-14 Airlines overbook flights because they can predict, based on past flight records, that a certain number of passengers will cancel or change their reservations at the last minute or simply not show. Some passengers pay higher rates for the privilege of changing flights at the last minute, if necessary. Other passengers cancel their planned trips owing to unforeseen circumstances that arise. But part of airline overbooking is due to consumers who make multiple reservations. Although airlines, by requiring advance ticketing, have curbed the problems caused by multiple reservations somewhat, it is still estimated that between one-third and one-half of overbooking is done because of multiple reservations made by consumers. More “Me First” Toni buys an expensive new dress for a special party she has been invited to attend. She wears the dress to the party, receives many compliments on it, but decides it was really far too expensive a purchase. She returns it to the store for a refund.

45. TEXT-W-14-15 The sales clerk does not inspect the dress closely and fails to notice the ginger ale stains on the front. Toni gets her refund. The result? Either the next purchaser gets a slightly soiled dress instead of the brand-new garment she paid for, or the store must discount the price of the dress heavily to sell it if the stain is discovered. Make the Manufacturer Pay In the past two decades American courts and consumer- protection statutes have increasingly sought to protect the "little person" against the powerful corporate entity or business firm. This has been a boon to consumers who are injured by faulty products they have purchased. It allows them to sue sellers and manufacturers for compensation, in the form of money damages, for injuries caused by carelessness in product design or production. But now and then a consumer will take advantage of these laws and of the court system to seek damages from the product manufacturer or retailer. Assume, for example, that John, a minibike enthusiast, purchases minibikes for his two sons, ages 9 and 11.

46. TEXT-w-16 Sellers are also often faced with so-called nuisance lawsuits. A typical one might involve the following series of events: Jerry, in a daze about his latest girlfriend, walks through a hardware store, carelessly trips over a stepladder being displayed very close to a wall (and definitely not a hazard), falls, and falsely claims that he injured his back. Alleging that the owner was negligent by having the stepladder displayed as it was, he sues the owner for damages. Similarly, Jane sues the owner of a national chain store for $10,000, alleging that a can of paint displayed on a shelf in the owner’s store fell on her toe and injured it. And on and on. Such suits are often settled by the store owners out of court, because it would cost them more to defend themselves in court than to settle. The Nuisance Suit

47. TEXT-w-16-17 In the increasingly impersonal and mechanized marketplace of today it is much easier to lose sight of our responsibilities toward others than it once was. This is because in today’s consumer world, the “others” are usually abstract entities and not people we know personally. In the past, when stores were smaller and most transactions were conducted face to face, consumers were more motivated to act honestly and ethically because they also faced the consequences of their actions directly. Imagine, for example, that Jeannie in the camera example had lived in 1900 instead of the 1990s. Even though most store owners carry liability insurance, out of which such claims are paid, the insurance is not free to the store — and the premiums will rise (and they have risen dramatically in recent years) as more claims have to be paid by insurance firms. Ethics in an Impersonal Marketplace

48. TEXT-w-17-18 After breaking her camera, she returned it to her local camera store, claiming that it was already broken when she purchased it from the seller. Very likely, the seller would remember the transaction, would know that the camera had been in good condition, and would know that Jeannie was acting dishonestly — regardless of whether he could prove it. Jeannie might be deprived of — or at least face a reduced quality in — the services of that store, and her reputation in the community could be affected. Because of these possible negative consequences, it might not even occur to Jeannie to defraud the seller. Moreover, if she knew the merchant quite well, she might have some strong ethical reservations about requiring the merchant to pay for the broken casing for which she alone was responsible. Now let’s return to the present and to a much different marketplace.

49. When Jeannie returned the camera to the discount house, she knew that she was being dishonest, but she would not lose sleep at night over the “victim” of her fraud — who was not a real person but an X quantity of “others”. Moreover, and perhaps most significantly, Jeannie was quite sure that she would never be “caught”. No one would ever know of her dishonesty, and she would face no negative consequences. The worst that could happen is that the discount store would refuse to repair or replace her camera. In short, Jeannie felt little incentive to be ethical. Because there are fewer external constraints to guide us toward ethical consumer behavior, an understanding of one’s responsibilities in the marketplace is even more important today than it was in the past. Huge chain store operations and computerized networks are increasingly hiding the identities — and the behavior — of individual buyers and sellers in the marketplace. And if we are slightly dishonest or violate our own ethical standards occasionally, who will know? TEXT-w-18-19

50. TEXT-S-1 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 凡消费者都有自己的责任与义务。这可用一句话加以概括：消费者在购买 商品与服务时有义务行为诚实、恪守道德。

51. TEXT-S-2 Paraphrase the sentence. Ethical behavior sometimes requires us to observe the laws not just for the purpose of avoiding being punished by them.

52. TEXT-S-3 What is the implied meaning of the sentence? Economists tend to emphasize that if you don’t pay for the benefits you receive, someone else will have to do it because there is no “free lunch”.

53. TEXT-S-4 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 大多数消费者在购物活动中采取了负责任的态度，但和商人一样，他们也 并非圣人。

54. TEXT-S-5 Paraphrase the sentence. Although the bill is only a small amount, it equals the cost of Jeannie’s food for a whole week.

55. TEXT-S-6 1. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 我们可以轻而易举地就能举出种种消费者为获取私利而牺牲他人利益 或增添他人麻烦的不诚实、不道德的行为。 2. Analyze the structure of the sentence. 本句的形式主语 It 指代后面的动词不定式部分，动词不定式部分中 嵌套有 in which 引导的定语从句。

56. TEXT-S-7 1. What can we infer from the sentence? 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 你并不担心，因为你知道，钱的数目太小，该读书俱乐部对你采取 法律行动不合算。 Consumers are well aware that the legal action would be much more costly than the amount of the loss the book club suffers so that the book club would not sue them at all.

57. TEXT-S-8 Paraphrase the sentence. Airlines ask consumers to print out the ticket in advance and in this way the problems caused by repeated reservations are restricted to a certain degree. However, there is still one-third to one-half of overbooking being caused by repeated reservations.

58. TEXT-S-9 Translate the sentence into Chinese. 不是下一个顾客花钱买了件有点脏的衣服而非新衣服，就是发现污迹后店 里只好大打折扣出售这件衣服。

59. TEXT-S-10 1. What can be inferred from the sentence? Although tough claims may be paid by insurance out of court, most stores still suffer economic losses because they have to pay premiums which becomes higher and higher due to the increasing number of cases. 2. Translate the sentence into Chinese. 尽管大多数店主都买了责任保险，赔偿金由保险公司支付，但对店家而言， 保险不是免费的 —— 保险费用会上涨（近年来已经大幅度上涨），因为越 来越多的索赔得由保险公司来偿付。

60. TEXT-W-ethics ethics: n. moral rules or principles of behaviour for deciding what is right and wrong The accident caused great public concern about medical ethics. 新闻业的伦理道德备受争议。 The ethics of journalism are much debated.

61. TEXT-W-context context: n. the situation, events, or information that are related to sth. and that help you to understand it; the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help you understand its meaning This small battle is very important in the context of Scottish history. 词语必须用在正确的场合。 Words have to be used in the right context.

62. TEXT-W-comply comply: vi. do what you have to do or are asked to do 不遵守规章制度将受到严厉的惩罚。 There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.

63. TEXT-W-penalty penalty: n. a punishment for breaking a law, rule or legal agreement The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. 在比赛中，如果选手自己停下来并要求再重来一次，她会被扣掉两分的罚分。 In the competition, if a swimmer stops voluntarily and asks for a second try, a two-point penalty will be deducted. Collocations: pay the penalty severe / stiff / heavy penalty the death penalty penalty box penalty kick 受罚 重罚 死刑 受罚席 罚球

64. TEXT-W-merchandise merchandise: 1. n. goods that are being sold A range of official Disney merchandise was on sale. 消费者抱怨劣质商品和昂贵价格。 Consumers complained about poor quality merchandise and high prices. 2. vt. try to sell goods or services using methods such as advertising She had to merchandise the new product line.

65. TEXT-W-live with live with: accept or tolerate 我们觉得难以容忍报纸的夸大宣传。 We find newspaper ballyhoo difficult to live with. I can’t change the situation so I have to learn to live with it.

66. TEXT-W-consequce consequence: n. sth. that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions 很多人认为贫困是人口过剩的直接结果。 Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation. I told the hairdresser to do what she wanted to with my hair, and look at the consequences! consequence, result, effect & outcome 这四个名词均含 “ 结果 ” 之意。 CF: consequence 多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果，不强 调直接的因果关系，而侧重事件发展的逻辑关系。例如： He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences. 他吃了些毒蘑菇，有致命的后果。

67. TEXT-W-consequce2 result 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重因某种原因所产生的最终结果，而不 是眼前的结果。例如： Accidents are the inevitable result of driving too fast. 开车太快不可避免地导致车祸。 effect 指因某种原因直接产生的结果，这种结果比较持续稳定而且强调 其影响。例如： My parents’ divorce had a big effect on me. 我父母离婚对我有很大的影响。 outcome 普通用词，多指事物经过一系列发展变化所导致的最终结 果，而不是某种原因的直接结果。例如： It’s too early to predict the outcome of the meeting. 现在推测会议结果还为时过早。

68. TEXT-W-prone prone: adj. likely to do sth. or suffer from sth. 十几岁的时候他就容易意志消沉。 He was prone to depressions even as a teenager.

69. TEXT-W-trasaction transaction: n. a business deal or action, such as buying or selling sth.; the process of doing business 银行对每笔交易收取固定的费用。 The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction. He is in charge of many financial transactions.

70. TEXT-W-scenario scenario: n. a situation that could possibly happen Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job. 最坏的情况就是公司破产。 The worst-case scenario was that the company would go bankruptcy.

71. TEXT-W-sign up sign up: put your name on a list for sth. because you want to take part in it Over half of the people who signed up to do engineering were women. 我正在考虑登记上日语课。 I’m thinking of signing up for a Japanese course. Collocations: sign an agreement / contract / treaty sign for sth. sign off sign on sign over sign out 签协议 / 合同 / 条约 签字接收 停止广播或其它活动 签约雇用；开始广播 签字移交 用签名记录离开的时间

72. TEXT-W-obligate obligate: vt. make sb. have to do sth., because it is the law, their duty, or the right thing to do Tenants are obligated to pay their rent on time. compel, force, constrain & obligate 这四个动词均含 “ 迫使 ” 之意。 CF: compel 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。 法律强制要求公司支付给员工符合标准的工资。 The law obligates companies to pay decent wages to their employees. The law will compel employers to provide health insurance. 法律会强迫雇主提供健康保险。

73. TEXT-W-obligate force 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做 本不愿做的事。 constrain 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响 迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。 obligate 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威 的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的 反应。 I had to force myself to get up this morning. 今天早上我强迫自己起床。 Financial factors should not constrain doctors from prescribing the best treatment for patients. 经济因素不应该阻挠医生给病人最好的治疗。 Tenants are obligated to pay their rent on time. 房东要求房客按时付房租。

74. TEXT-W-obligate2 Directions: Fill in the blanks with the four words above. Change the form where necessary. Ava felt to help her mother, even if it meant leaving college. The law will employers to provide health insurance. I had to myself to finish the project today. Poor soil has the level of crop production. He his wife to give up her job. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. obligated _________ compel _______ force _____ constrained __________ forced _______

75. TEXT-W-notify notify: vt. officially or formally tell sb. about sth. You will be notified of any changes in the system. 八月份的时候有人通知我们，我们的文章被退回来了。 In August we were notified that our article had been rejected.

76. TEXT-W-owe owe: vt. feel that you should do sth. for sb. or give sb. sth., because they have done sth. for you or given sth. to you You owe him an apology. 你帮我搬东西，我还欠你一杯喝的呢。 I owe you a drink for helping me move. Collocations: owe it all to sb. owe it to oneself to do sth. owe sb. a debt / an apology / money 完全归功于某人 认为自己有必要做（某事） 欠某人债 / 道歉 / 钱

77. TEXT-W-sue sue: v. make a legal claim (against sb.) especially for money because they have harmed you in some way If they break their promises, we’ll sue. She was suing the doctors for their negligence over her disease. The company is suing a former employee. 公司正在控告一个前雇员。

78. TEXT-W-curb curb: 1. vt. control or limit sth. in order to prevent it from having a harmful effect Have you got any measure to curb the spread of the virus? The government should act to curb tax evasion. 政府应采取措施抑制逃税。 2. n. an influence which helps to control or limit sth. We are trying to keep a curb on their activities.

79. TEXT-W-refund refund: n. an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for They refused to give me a refund. 十四天内退货将全额退款。 Return your purchase within 14 days for a full refund.

80. TEXT-W-inspect inspect: vt. examine (sth.) closely in order to find out more about it or to find out what is wrong with it I got out of the car to inspect the damage. 她把钞票举到灯前，仔细检查。 She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully. examine, inspect & investigate 这三个动词都有 “ 调查、检查 ” 之意。 CF: examine 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定 事物的性质、功能、特点等。例如： The research examined the effects of alcohol on long-term memory. 这项研究调查酒精对长期记忆的影响。

81. TEXT-W-inspect2 investigate 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。 例如： The study investigates the impact of violent TV programming on children. 本研究考察暴力电视节目对孩子的影响。 inspect 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。例如： Officials will inspect the restaurant this afternoon to see whether it meets the hygiene standard. 官员们下午将检查餐馆看看是否符合卫生标准。

82. TEXT-W-boon boon: n. sth. that is very useful and makes life much easier or better The bus service is a real boon to the people in the village. 导盲犬对视力不完全的人们非常有用。 Guide dogs are a great boon to the partially sighted.

83. TEXT-W-faulty faulty: adj. not working properly, or not made correctly A faulty machine or device is not perfectly made or does not work correctly. 如果货物有瑕疵，顾客可以要求退款。 Customers may ask for a refund if the goods are faulty.

84. TEXT-W-seek seek: vt. try to achieve or get sth. Do you think the President will seek re-election? 成千上万人越过边界，寻求庇护。 Thousands of people crossed the border, seeking refuge. hunt, explore & seek 这三个动词均含 “ 搜索、寻找 ” 之意。 CF: hunt 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎（动物）。 explore 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。 The police are still hunting the killer. 警察正在查找凶手。 Venice is a wonderful city to explore. 威尼斯是一个值得探索的城市。

85. TEXT-W-seek2 Directions: Fill in the blanks with the three words above. Change the form where necessary. If the symptoms persist, medical advice. Management needs to ways of improving office security. Detectives are busy for clues. “Are you actively jobs? ” she asked. 1. 2. 3. 4. seek _____ explore _______ hunting _______ seeking _______ seek 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示付出很大努力去寻求某人 或物。 If the symptoms persist, seek medical advice. 如果症状没有减轻，就去看医生吧。

86. TEXT-W-nuisance nuisance: n. a person, thing, or situation that annoys you or causes problems 真讨厌！我忘了拿票子！ What a nuisance! I’ve forgotten my ticket. The dogs next door are a real nuisance.

87. TEXT-W-hazard hazard: n. sth. that may be dangerous, or cause accidents or problems 繁忙的交通入口对于行人来说是个危险。 The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians. Collocations: fire hazard occupational hazard health / safety hazard hazard evaluation 火灾 职业危险 健康 / 安全危险 危险评估

88. TEXT-W-liability liability: n. legal responsibility for sth., especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury; sb. or sth. that is likely to cause problems for sb. Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause. 他拒绝对造成的损失负任何责任。 He denies any liability for the damage caused. A kid like Tom would be a liability in any classroom. Collocations: liability account liability for acceptance liability for compensation liability insurance liability reserve 负债账户 承兑责任 赔偿责任 责任保险 负债准备

89. TEXT-W-lose sight of lose sight of: no longer be able to see; forget; overlook It is an important distinction, but one that a lawyer can lose sight of. 他似乎忘记了他是一个警察。 He seems to have lost sight of the fact that he is a policeman.

90. TEXT-W-defraud defraud: vt. trick a person or organization in order to get money from them They are both charged with conspiracy to defraud an insurance company of $20,000. 她从老板那里骗取了几千英镑。 She defrauded her employer of several thousand pounds. Pattern: defraud sb. of sth.

91. TEXT-W-constraint constraint: n. sth. that limits your freedom to do what you want The constraints of politeness wouldn’t allow her to say what she really thought about his cooking. 公司财政状况不好，所以公司不能雇佣新员工。 Financial constraints on the company are preventing it from employing new staff.

92. AR-Main 5. Writing Practice 1. Useful Expressions 2. Group Discussion 3. Spot Dictation 4. Talk about the Pictures After Reading 6. Proverbs and Quotations Homework A brief introduction

93. AR-Useful Expressions1.1 1. 工会 2. 对环保负责任 3. 乘机利用 4. 偶然 5. 与 …… 一致 6. 将 …… 计入 7. 遵守 8. 接受，容忍 union labor be environmentally responsible take advantage of by accident in accordance with ring up… comply with live with Useful Expressions 9. 微不足道 a drop in the bucket 10. 以 …… 为代价 at the expense of

94. AR-Useful Expressions1.2 11. 从短期看来 12. 试用，试验 13. 签约 14. 缺乏 15. 在最后一刻 in the short run try out sign up be short of at the last minute 16. 不可预见的情况 unforeseen circumstances 17. 恶意起诉 18. 忘记；忽略 nuisance suit lose sight of 19. 被剥夺 be deprived of 20. 简而言之 in short

95. AR- group discussion Group Discussion Form groups of four and have a discussion about the following topic: Does buying pirate copies ( 盗版光盘 ) belong to unethical consumer behavior?

96. AR-spot dictation1.1 Directions: Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with what you have heard. Spot Dictation One of the biggest problems people have is. Very few of us think of ourselves as. Very few of us would consider ourselves “a ”. Yet we all know that, at one time or another, we have lied. honesty ________ dishonest __________ liar _____

97. One of the problems we may have, lying, is not having an honest enough heart to the truth. We may tell a little “white lie”, but to admit it is a lie. For instance, you may give your word you will be at a place at a certain time, but something comes up, and you do not keep your word, yet refuse to admit it is a lie. Perhaps, you may say, “Oh, yes, I’ll be there at three o’clock,” but you aren’t. It is a lie, too. To say something in the of a promise or a and then not keep your word (regardless of the reason) is to lie. form AR-spot dictation1.2 refuse ______ certain _______ _____ jokingly _______ regarding ________ commitment ___________ admit ______

98. AR- talk about the pictures Talk about the Pictures

99. AR- Writing Practice1.1 1.A brief introduction Here are some guidelines for writing an effective letter of complaint: Writing Practice – Letters of Complaint and Responses Include your name, address, and home and work phone numbers. Type your letter if possible. If it is handwritten, make sure that it is neat and easy to read. Make your letter brief and to the point. Include all important facts about your purchase, including the date and place where you made the purchase and any information you can give about the product or service such as serial or model numbers or the specific type of service. State exactly what you want done about the problem and how long you are willing to wait to get it resolved. Be as reasonable as possible.

100. AR- Writing Practice1.2 Include all the documents regarding your problem. Be sure to send the COPIES, not the originals. Avoid writing an angry, sarcastic, or threatening letter. The person who reads your letter probably isn’t responsible for your problem, but may be very helpful in resolving it. Keep a copy of the letter for your records.

101. AR- Writing Practice1.3 2. Here are some guidelines for writing a letter of response to complaint: Use a polite, understanding tone, and keep your letter short and to the point. Don’t argue. Even if you do not agree with the complaint and can do nothing about it, a considerate response will often help soothe an irate client. Write your response letter as soon as you have received and investigated the complaint. If you don’t have enough information to respond to the complaint immediately, you should ask the customer for more information. When the company is not at fault, but you agree to grant the customer’s request either partially or fully, inform the customer of his or her error if any, so it will not happen again. If you are not willing to make an adjustment or correct the perceived error, explain why you cannot grant the request, and at the same time seek to retain the customer’s business and favor.

102. AR- Writing Practice2.1 Directions: Write a letter of complaint and a letter of response. Homework A sample letter of complaint Dear Mr. Smith, On Aug. 8th, I bought a camera from your store. Unfortunately, your product has not performed well because the pictures I’ve taken are not clear enough. To solve the problem, I would appreciate it if you could allow a refund. Enclosed are copies of my records including copies of receipts and the serial number of the camera. I’m looking forward to your reply and the solution to my problem, and will wait until September before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me as soon as possible. Sincerely, Michael Johnson

103. AR- Writing Practice2.2 A sample letter of response to complaint Dear Mr. David, We have now corrected the situation you brought to our attention in your letter dated Aug. 9th. Upon the reception of your letter, we immediately investigated your concern. We have taken the following action to correct the situation. This mistake has no doubt caused you some frustration and we want you to know that this is certainly not typical of our organization. Your company takes great pride in maintaining a reputation for excellence, and we will make every effort to ensure that your next transaction with us be handled efficiently. We value your business, and please call us if there are any questions. Sincerely, Robert Lee

104. 1. Honesty is the best policy. 2. Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 3. One honest word is better than two oaths. Only what is honestly got is gain.4. 正当的收入才是真正的收入。 诚实是上策。 蜂蜜是甜的，但蜜蜂会螫人。 两句誓言不如一句实话。 AR-proverbs and Quotations Proverbs and Quotations

105. GR-text1 Morality is the herd instinct in the individual. — Nietzsche, German Philosopher 5. 道德是个人心目中的群居本能。 —— 德国哲学家 尼采 AR-proverbs and Quotations2 Morality may consist solely in the courage of making a choice. — Blum, French statesman 6. 道德可能仅仅在于有勇气作出抉择。 —— 法国政治家 布鲁姆