1. Prices and Decision Making

2. Life is full of signals that help us make decisions. Price-the monetary value of a product as established by supply and demand-is a signal that helps us make our economic decisions. Prices communicate information and provide incentives to buyers and sellers.

3. Advantages of Prices Prices serve as a link between producers and consumers. Prices perform the allocation function very well for the following reasons” 1. Prices in a competitive market economy are neutral because they favor neither the producer nor the consumer. 2. Prices in a market economy are flexible. 3. Prices have no cost of administration. Competitive markets tend to find their own prices without outside help or interference.

4. Prices 4. Prices are something that we have know about all our lives. Prices are familiar and easily understood.

5. Allocations Without Prices 1. Rationing- a system under which an agency such as government decides everyone’s “fair” share. People receive a ration coupon that entitles the holder to obtain a certain amount of a product. 2. The problem of fairness- almost everyone feels his or her share is too small

6. Allocation Without Prices 3. High Administrative Cost-who is going to pay for the printing the coupons and the salaries of the people who distribute them? 4. Diminishing Incentive- rationing has a negative impact on people’s incentive to work and produce.

7. The Price System at Work In a competitive market, the adjustment process moves toward market equilibrium- a situation in which price are relatively stable, and the quantity of goods or services supplied is equal to the quantity demanded.

8. Market Equilibrium A surplus- a situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at a given price. Therefore, the price tends to go down as a result of a surplus.

9. Market Equilibrium A shortage is a situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at a given price. As a result, both the price and the quantity supplied will go up in the next trading period.

10. Market Equilibrium The equilibrium price is the price that “clears the market” by leaving neither a surplus or a shortage at the end of the trading period.

11. Distorting Market Outcomes When the government steps in and sets prices instead of allowing prices to adjust to their equilibrium levels then the market becomes distorted. Price Ceilings- a maximum legal price that can be charged for a product. NYC- using rent controls to make housing more affordable.

12. Price Ceilings Price Ceiling: is legally imposed maximum price on the market. Transactions above this price is prohibited. Policy makers set ceiling price below the market equilibrium price which they believed is too high. Intention of price ceiling is keeping stuff affordable for poor people. Price ceiling generates shortages on the market. Example: Rent control.

13. Price Ceilings

14. Price Floors Other prices are considered too low and so steps are taken to keep them higher. The minimum wage, the lowest legal wage that can be paid to most workers, is a case in point. Minimum wage is a price floor, or lowest legal price that can be paid for a good or service. Price floor generate surpluses on the market

15. Price Floors