1. Life Cycle: From Childhood Through Adulthood Chapter 17

2. Childhood Energy and nutrient needs during childhood Energy and protein Kcal and grams protein per kg decrease from infancy Vitamins and minerals Vitamin and mineral supplements Influences on childhood food habits and intake

3. Childhood Nutritional concerns during childhood Malnutrition and hunger Food and behavior Childhood overweight Nutrition and chronic disease in childhood Lead toxicity Vegetarianism in childhood

4. Adolescence Physical growth and development Adolescent growth spurt Boys: begins between 12–13 years Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight Girls: begins between 10–11 years Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight Body composition Emotional maturity: developmental tasks

5. Adolescence Nutrient needs of adolescents Energy and protein Highest total calories and protein grams per day Vitamins and minerals Influences on adolescent food intake

6. Adolescence © Patrick Foto/ShutterStock, Inc.

7. Adolescence Nutrition-related concerns of adolescents Fitness and sports Acne Eating disorders Adolescent obesity Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs

8. Staying Young While Growing Older Age-related changes Weight and body composition Add fat, lose lean body mass Physical activity Reduced muscle and skeletal strength Immunity Decline in defense mechanism Taste and smell Decline in ability Gastrointestinal changes Reduced acid secretion, reduced motility © Joaquin Palting/Photodisc/Getty Images

9. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Energy Reduced needs Decreased activity, decreased lean body mass Protein Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults Carbohydrate More likely to be lactose intolerant Fat Maintain moderate low-fat diet Water Reduced thirst response

10. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult Vitamins and Minerals Vitamin D B vitamins Antioxidants Calcium Zinc Iron To Supplement or Not to Supplement

11. Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

12. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions Can affect use of drugs or nutrients Depression May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use Anorexia of aging Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein–energy malnutrition

13. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Arthritis May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes may improve symptoms Bowel and bladder regulation Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age Need for increased fluids, fiber Dental health May interfere with eating ability, food choices

14. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults Vision problems Can affect ability to shop, cook Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration Osteoporosis Common in elders, especially women Maintain calcium, vitamin D, exercise Alzheimer’s disease Affects ability to function Reduced taste, smell Risk for weight loss, malnutrition Overweight and Obesity

15. Meal Management for Mature Adults Managing independently Services for elders Meals on Wheels Elderly Nutrition Program Food Stamp Program Wise eating for one or two Finding community resources © Photodisc

16. Dietary Guidance for Healthy Children Aged 2 to 11 Years It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that children aged 2 to 11 years should achieve optimal physical and cognitive development, attain a healthy weight, enjoy food, and reduce the risk of chronic disease through appropriate eating habits and participation in regular physical activity.

17. The Dangers of Teenage Smoking The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that nearly 4 million adolescents smoke regularly. Each day, about 6,000 young people try a cigarette, and more than 3,000 become regular smokers. The CDC predicts that of all young people currently under the age of 18, more than 5 million will die prematurely of a smoking-related disease. New research shows that the earlier a person begins to smoke, the greater the damage.

18. American Heart Association: Overweight in Children Overweight children are more likely to be overweight adults. Successfully preventing or treating overweight in childhood may reduce the risk of adult overweight. This may help reduce the risk of heart disease and other diseases.

19. AHA: Fiber and Children’s Diets Children older than 2 years should gradually adopt the American Heart Association Eating Plan. That means saturated fat intake should be 8– 10 percent of total calories and dietary cholesterol should be limited to no more than 300 mg daily. Children should also get the majority of calories from complex carbohydrates high in fiber.

20. Benefits of Increased Physical Activity

21. Perception of Taste The perception of taste declines with age. To detect flavors, older people need food with stronger flavors and odors. This loss of taste may contribute to loss of appetite and poor food intake. Age-related changes in the GI tract reduce nutrient absorption. Decreased motility contributes to constipation.

22. Nutrition Across the Spectrum of Aging It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that older Americans receive appropriate care; have broadened access to coordinated, comprehensive food and nutrition services; and receive the benefits of ongoing research to identify the most effective food and nutrition programs, interventions, and therapies across the spectrum of aging.

23. Water and Aging Although caloric needs decline with loss of lean tissue and reduced physical activity, protein needs do not change for elders. A high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat diet is still recommended. Water is important; because of their diminished thirst response, older people may not drink enough.