1. Principles of Video Compression Dr. S. M. N. Arosha Senanayake, Senior Member/IEEE Associate Professor in Artificial Intelligence Room No: M2.06 Email: arosha.senanayake@ubd.edu.bn Source: Chapter 3 of JPEG—Still Image Compression StandardJPEG2000 Standard for Image Compression: Concepts, Algorithms and VLSI Architecturesby Tinku Acharya and Ping-Sing Tsai

2. SS-4306 Topics today… Introduction Temporal Redundancy Reduction Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261, H.263)

3. SS-4306 Introduction Reduce video bit rates while maintaining an acceptable image quality Exploit strong correlation both between successive picture frames and within the picture elements themselves Insensitivity of the human visual system to loss of certain spatio-temporal visual information Uses Interframe predictive coding –H.261, H.263, MPEG-1, 2 and 4

4. SS-4306 Introduction [2] Fundamental redundancy reduction principles: –Spatial redundancy reduction –Temporal redundancy reduction –Entropy coding

5. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction Use Interframe coding –Static parts of the image sequence, temporal differences will be close to zero, and hence are not coded –Parts that change between the frames, either due to illumination variation or to motion of the objects, result in significant image error, which needs to be coded

6. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [2] Interframe Motion compensated Interframe

7. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [3] MOTION ESTIMATION Estimate the motion of moving objects by block matching algorithm (BMA) –Divide the frame into blocks of M × N pixels usually, square blocks of N 2 pixels – For a maximum motion displacement of w pixels per frame Match the current block of pixels against a corresponding block at the same coordinates but in the previous frame, within the square window of width N + 2w Find the displacement on the basis of match criterion for best match

8. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [4] MOTION ESTIMATION The current and previous frames in a search window

9. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [4] MOTION ESTIMATION Matching Functions –Mean Squared Error –Mean Absolute Error –To reduce processing cost, MAE is preferred to MSE and hence is used in all the video codecs

10. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [5] MOTION ESTIMATION BMA in simple case requires (2w+1) 2 computations –Costly –Motion estimations comprise almost 50–70 per cent of the overall encoder's complexity Faster Motion estimation is required !!!

11. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [6] FASTER MOTION ESTIMATION Reduce the number of search points by selectively checking only a small number of specific points –Assumption behind this being the distortion measure monotonically decreases towards the best matched point Approaches –Two-dimensional logarithmic (TDL) –Three-step search (TSS) –Modified motion estimation algorithm (MMEA)

12. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [7] FASTER MOTION ESTIMATION Two dimensional Logarithmic Search

13. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [8] FASTER MOTION ESTIMATION Try to find the maximum number of steps to reach the best estimation !!!

14. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [9] HIERARCHICAL MOTION ESTIMATION The assumption of monotonic variation of image intensity methods perform well for slow moving objects, such as those in video conferencing –often converge to a local minimum of distortion subsample the image to smaller sizes, such that the motion speed is reduced by the sampling ratio –Hierarchical block matching algorithm (HBMA) A three-level image pyramid

15. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [10] GENERIC INTERFRAME VIDEO CODEC Generic Interframe encoder used in standard video codecs, such as H.261, H.263, MPEG- 1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4

16. SS-4306 Temporal Redundancy Reduction [11] GENERIC INTERFRAME VIDEO CODEC Generic Interframe decoder

17. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) Allows bitrates between approximately 64 kbit/s and 1920 kbit/s Interframe DCT-based coding technique –Interframe prediction is first carried out in the pixel domain –The prediction error is then transformed into the frequency domain, where the quantization for bandwidth reduction takes place Motion compensation can be included in the prediction stage, although it is optional

18. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) [2] Two types of frames –I-Frame –P-Frame I-Frame is usually sent a couple of seconds Motion vectors are always measured in the neighborhood of 15 pixels Frame Sequence

19. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) [3] I-Frame Coding

20. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) [4] P-Frame Coding

21. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) [5] Quantization –Step size is fixed, 31 even levels from 2  62 – scale between 1 to 31 –Exception : DC coeff in I-Frame, step size is 8 always used

22. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) [6] Encoder

23. SS-4306 Coding for Video Conferencing (H.261) [7] Decoder

24. SS-4306 Video Bitstream Syntax Four Layers –Picture Layer –Group Of Blocks (GOB) Layer 11 x 3 Macroblocks, a GOB CIF contains 2x6 GOBS QCIF contains 3 GOBS –Macroblock Layer –Block Layer Syntax of H.261 video bitstream

25. SS-4306 H.263 An improved video coding standard for video conferencing & other audio visual services Aimed at low bitrate communications of less than 64kbps Predictive coding for inter-frames Transform coding for intra-frames & difference macroblocks from inter-frame prediction Supports notion of GOBs

26. SS-4306 H.263 Motion Compensation a)Predicted MV of the current block b)Finding MV when current block is on the border

27. SS-4306 H.263 Motion Compensation [2] Motion compensation involves half pixel precision

28. SS-4306 H.263 Optional Coding Modes Unrestricted motion vector mode Syntax based arithmetic coding (SAC) Advanced prediction mode PB-Frames

29. SS-4306 Reference : 1. Chapter 3 of Principles of Video CompressionStandard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding by Mohammed Ghanbari 2. Chapter 10 of Ze-Nian Li & Mark S. Drew, "Fundamentals of Multimedia", Pearson Education, 2004