1. Transportation Systems

2. Travois and tumplines

3. sledge People found that if they had trouble moving large objects they could build a sledge. It works basically as a sled or sleigh, but could be used on all types of terrain. Obviously it works best on ice or snow but the modern example to the left is used to carry granite blocks in England. At first people probably pulled the sledges, but later oxen were used. People who have tried to construct older style buildings using old style technology are generally pleased with the results.

4. cart With the invention of the axle the efficiency of transportation was greatly enhanced by the cart. Wheels work better because:  the normal force at the sliding interface is the same.  the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.  the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower. If dragging a 100 kg object for 10 m along a surface with μ = 0.5, the normal force is 981 N and the work done is (work=force x distance) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 joules.kgmnormal forceNworkjoules Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N, assume μ = 0.1, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 x 0.1 x 0.5 = 49 joules.diameter

5. Roman Road System

6. Opere di Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Francesco Piranesi e d'altri. Firmin Didot Freres, Paris, 1835-1839, a stylized (many would say abstraction) of the Appian Way.

7. Boats Dugouts, like the one on the right, are still being used today, though they may be the oldest type of boat. Native Americans making a dugout canoe, 1590 The adze is the type of tool used to carve out the insides of a log.

8. papyriform boat The Royal Ship of King Cheops (fourth dynasty ruler of the Old Kingdom), is a perfect example of a papyriform boat. Discovered around 1954, the Royal Ship is still considered to be one of the world’s most outstanding archaeological artifacts. The ancient boat had been dismantled into 651 separate parts, and its nearly perfectly preserved timbers were found in 13 scrupulously arranged layers that were buried in a sealed boat pit which was carved into the Giza plateau’s limestone bedrock. It took years for the boat to be painstakingly reassembled, primarily by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities’ chief restorer, Ahmed Youssef Moustafa (later known as Hag Ahmed Youssef). Once completed, the Royal Ship measured approximately 150 feet in length. Note: the Egyptian symbol for north was a boat with oars (to go downstream), the symbol for south was a boat with a sail (to go upriver).

9. Nordic Bronze Age Boat note the tiller in the rear

10. From far left clockwise: Spanish Galleon, Chinese Junk, Viking Knorr, Phoenician Gall

11. Famous Doomed Ocean Liners Bow of Titanic in 2008 (top left), the Andrea Doria collided with the MS Stockholm (top right and middle), the Lusitania in New York Harbor

12. Erie Canal

13. Erie Canal: map and relief

14. Hydrofoils

15. Railways Railways have been around much longer than the steam engine The Diolkos was a paved trackway (they used grooves in limestone) to transport goods across the Isthmus of Corinth. It was constructed around 650 BCE. Isthmus of Corinth, the map shows the location and the satellite shot shows the present day canal

18. Wagonways and Trolleys

19. Steam Engine The steam engine changed Europe both in how people travelled, how goods were transported and even the fuel they used for their ever-growing cities.

21. Orient Express

22. Trans-Siberian Railway The route west: Moscow, on the Ob River, on the edge of Lake Baikal, at Vladivostok

23. Grand Trunk Railway

25. Bullet Trains The Italian ETR 200 in 1939 was the first high speed service train. It achieved the world mean speed record in 1939, reaching 203 km/h near Milan Shinkansen: First High speed train design in 1964, the 0 Series at Fukuyama Station, April 2002 (retired). The first Shinkansen trains ran at speeds of up to 210 km/h (130 mph)[1], soon after increased to 220 km/h (135 mph).

26. French TGV: 357 mph

27. Spanish AVE: 210mph The ETR 500 "Frecciarossa" of the Italian Railways takes 1 hour from downtown Milan to the center of Bologna, while a plane + taxi takes an hour and a half to do the same distance.

30. Japanese Bullet Trains Maglev technology has allowed these trains to go 361 mph.

32. Train Routes

34. US Highways The building of roads is part of the constitution and is part of the “promote the general welfare” The first federal road was Highway 1 from Fort Kent Maine to Key West

35. Super-Highways In 1936 President Roosevelt thought the nation needed to develop as highway system to: build 10 self-sustaining transcontinental highways as a national-defense and business pump-priming measure The highways, three north and south and three east and west, were to be toll roads and were to pay for themselves

36. The beginning of the building In 1956 President Eisenhower propose the roads as alternative landing strips for the Air Force (Hitler actually built the Autobahns in Germany for the same purpose in WW2) The highways began to be constructed using some Department of Defense money and the building began

37. 1960’s vision of the automobile

39. Beltways The first beltway in the US was Route 128 in Massachusetts. It has since become a technology corridor and many high tech businesses (Raytheon and Honeywell for example) moved to this road. Like many older beltways it is not as much a bypass but heavily constructed commercial zone.

40. Circle and Spoke pattern Major US cities can be spotted by this pattern

41. Future Ideas Personal Rapid Transport

43. Dual Mode and Pallet Systems Having vehicles that can use either tracks or roads (dual mode) a system that that moves vehicles. What would be the advantages/disadvantages of the different systems?

44. Pneumatic Tubes Alfred Ely Beach's experimental pneumatic elevated subway, 1867 (top) and a cross-section of a car from his completed subway (left). Cartoonist’s view (right).

45. The Zapato Personal Pneumatic Tube Pod Mark IV (A) featuring: a pressurized, single-occupancy cabin; reinforced nose-cones; gyroscopic stabilization; and full on-board electronics including user- friendly navigation, communication, and entertainment systems. Tapered ends, along with centralized flange placement (B)

46. Different Ideas: (and that is being kind) Flying Saucer Bus, Planetron, car equipped for TransDrive

47. New kind of paving machine, horseless sulky, living traffic signals

48. Stupid Ideas or Not

49. Bib http://www.peter-homson.co.uk/ancients/buildpyramid.html http://www.womenofthefurtrade.com/wst_page16.htmlhttp://collections.ic.gc.ca/albertame tis/history/redrivercart.htmhttp://www.womenofthefurtrade.com/wst_page16.htmlhttp://collections.ic.gc.ca/albertame tis/history/redrivercart.htm http://www.eriecanal.org/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout_(boat) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/history.cfm http://www.hampi.in/indian-train.shtml http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/tomtrans.htm http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/futuristics/auto/4.html