UNIT 1: SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE CONTROL

UNIT 1: SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE CONTROL
CHAPTER 1 SHIP CONSTRUCTION GFX: _DVIDS MODULE: NAVAL SKILLS UNIT 1: SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE CONTROL 1 1

Introduction

We will now discuss the fundamentals of ship construction and the nautical terms used to describe ships.

Principles of Ship Construction

Major factors in naval ship construction include:
• Mission • Armament • Protection • Seaworthiness • Maneuverability • Speed • Endurance • Habitability

Mission This factor is the biggest consideration in ships design. The weapons systems, speed, crew size, and everything else are dependent on the intended mission.

Armament The arms and equipment with which a military unit or military apparatus is supplied.

Armament All of the offensive weapons used to fight an enemy on
or under the sea and in the air

Armament • Guns • Torpedoes • Missiles • Aircraft • Landing craft

Protection is the defensive features that help a ship survive enemy attack.

Protection • Weapons • Construction • Armor • Compartmentation

Seaworthiness

Seaworthiness A ship’s ability to operate in all kinds of weather, high winds, and heavy seas.

Stability, size, and freeboard determine a ship’s seaworthiness.

Freeboard The distance from the waterline to the main deck.

Freeboard

Stability The way a ship returns to an upright
position after a roll in heavy seas.

Maneuverability The way a ship handles - in turns, in backing down, in going alongside another ship, or in evading enemy weapons.

Endurance The maximum time a ship can steam at a given speed.

Endurance The ability or strength to continue or last, especially despite fatigue, stress, or other adverse conditions; stamina.

Endurance • Fuel capacity • Freshwater capacity • Fuel consumption
• Storage and refrigeration for food provisions

Oil-powered ships can steam for one to two weeks without refueling.
Nuclear-powered ships can steam for years.

Habitability The features designed to provide comfortable living conditions for the crew.

Habitability features include adequate:
• Heads and washrooms • Laundries • Air conditioning • Berthing and messing spaces

Topic Review

Q. List the major factors considered in the construction of naval ships.
Reference Study Guide Question #1

Q. List the major factors considered in the construction of naval ships.
A. The major factors considered in the construction of naval ships are the mission, armament, protection, seaworthiness, maneuverability, speed, endurance, and habitability. Reference Study Guide Question #1

Nautical Terms

In civilian life you become accustomed to using terms like:
• Upstairs • Downstairs • Windows • Floors • Ceilings • Walls • Hallways

In the Navy, you must learn to describe objects and places using nautical language.

Using civilian terms aboard ship marks
you as a landlubber.

Landlubber An unseasoned Sailor or someone who knows nothing of the sea.

Hull A ship is like a building as its outer walls form the hull, the supporting body of a ship.

Floors are called decks.

Walls are called partitions or bulkheads.

Bulkhead Any of various wall-like constructions inside a vessel, as for forming water-tight compartments, subdividing space, or strengthening the structure.

Ceilings are called overhead.

Hallways are called passageways.

Stairs are called ladders.

An accommodation ladder is the stairs from the ship to a pier or boat.

A Jacob’s ladder is a portable ladder made of rope used to climb up the side of a ship.

The quarterdeck might be compared to an entrance hall or foyer.

Quarterdeck An area designated by the CO for the conduct of official functions; the station of the officer of the deck in port; location depends on how the ship is moored or which side of the ship is tied up to the pier.

Directions on Board a Ship
Bow Aft Fore Stern

Fore and Aft Located along or parallel to a line from the bow to the stern.

Athwartships From one side of a ship to the other.

Bow Forward The front of a ship is the bow; to go in that direction is to go forward.

Aft Stern The back of a ship is the stern; to go in that direction is to go aft.

The maximum width of the ship is the beam.
Locations off to either side are abeam.

Forecastle Fantail Behind the ship, in the water, is astern.
The forward part of the main deck is the forecastle, and the back part is the fantail.

Forecastle (pronounced foc’sle)
The forward part of the main weather deck of a vessel.

Fantail The aft part of the main weather deck of a vessel.

S t a r b o d P o r t A ship is divided
lengthwise in half by the centerline. Right of the centerline is to starboard, and everything to the left is to port. S t a r b o d P o r t

From the centerline toward either side of the ship is outboard. From either side to the centerline is inboard.

The section around the midpoint area is called amidships.

Amidships In or toward the middle part of a ship or aircraft; midway between the ends.

Starboard Side Port Side
The right-hand side of or direction from a vessel or aircraft, facing forward. Port Side The left-hand side of a vessel or aircraft, facing forward.

The extreme width of a ship, usually in the midship area, is its beam.

Beam Abeam Quarter The extreme width of a vessel.
At right angles to the fore-and-aft line. Quarter Area aft of the beam toward the stern.

You never go downstairs in a ship; you always go below. To go up to the main deck or above is to go topside.

If you climb the mast, stacks, rigging, or any
areas above the solid structure of the ship, you go aloft.

Topic Review

Q. Provide the nautical terms for these civilian terms: outer walls, inner walls, floors, ceilings, hallways, stairs, entrance hall. Reference Study Guide Question #2

Q. Provide the nautical terms for these civilian terms: outer walls, inner walls, floors, ceilings, hallways, stairs, entrance hall. A. a) outer walls – hull, b) inner walls – partitions or bulkheads, c) floors – decks, d) ceilings – overheads, e) hallways – passageways, f) stairs – ladders, g) entrance hall – quarterdeck Reference Study Guide Question #2

Q. Provide the nautical names for these parts of a ship: front part; back part; middle of ship, lengthwise; lengthwise direction; crosswise direction; midpoint area; widest part of ship; main deck, forward; main deck, aft; main deck and above; below the main deck; right of centerline; left of centerline; and in the rigging. Reference Study Guide Question #3

Q. Provide the nautical names for these parts of a ship: front part; back part; middle of ship, lengthwise; lengthwise direction; crosswise direction; midpoint area; widest part of ship; main deck, forward; main deck, aft; main deck and above; below the main deck; right of centerline; left of centerline; and in the rigging. A. a) front part – bow; b) back part – stern; c) middle of ship, lengthwise – away from centerline, outboard; toward centerline, inboard; d) lengthwise direction – fore and aft; e) crosswise direction – athwartships; f) midpoint area – amidships; g) widest part of ship – beam; h) main deck, forward – forecastle; i) main deck, aft – fantail; j) main deck and above – topside; k) below the main deck – below; l) right of centerline – starboard; m) left of centerline – port; n) in the rigging – aloft Reference Study Guide Question #3

Ship Structure

Structural Terms Hull Hull – the main body of a ship.

Keel The backbone of the hull located on the centerline like an I-beam running the full length of the bottom of the ship.

Structural Terms Keel

Transverse Frames Girders attached to the keel run athwartship and support the watertight skin or shell plating, which forms the sides and bottom of the ship.

Transverse Frames 1 2 3 4

Longitudinal Frames Longitudinal frames – structural frames that run fore and aft.

Double Bottom This is a honeycomb structure formed by the longitudinal and athwartship frames in the bottom of the ship.

Tanks or Bilges These spaces between the inner and outer bottoms are formed when plating covers the honeycomb, which may be used for fuel and water stowage.

Main Deck The top of the main hull is called the main deck.

Gunwale Gunwale – (pronounced gun’el or deck-edge) the intersection of the main deck with the shell or side plating.

Gunwale (pronounced gun’el)
The upper edge of the side or bulwark of a vessel.

Rolls, Pitches, and Yaws A ship rolls from side to side.
A ship pitches when it goes up and down fore and aft. A ship yaws when the bow swings to port and starboard because of wave action.

Most warships built today have unarmored hulls, while many ships
of the last century had armored hulls. USS Vella Gulf (CG 72) USS Iowa (BB 61)

Waterline The part of the outside of a ship's hull that is just at the water level.

Waterline

Draft The distance from the keel to the Waterline.
The depth to which a vessel is immersed when bearing a given load.

DRAFT The red area on the model represents the ship's draft.

Decks The floors of a ship are called decks. They divide the ship into layers and provide additional hull strength and protection for inner spaces (rooms).

Compartments These are the rooms of a ship and are sometimes called rooms, such as: Wardroom (officers’ dining room) Officers’ staterooms (officers’ Bedrooms) Engine room

Wardroom The dining area for commissioned officers.

DDG Wardroom SSN

Stateroom A private room or compartment on a ship.

Mess Deck Dining area for enlisted crewmembers.

Berthing Compartments
The living quarters for enlisted crew members.

Officers Country The living spaces of officers.

Heads Bathrooms on ship.

Compartment numbers are assigned according to a standardized system that identifies all spaces aboard a ship. Example: A Second deck Frame number Fourth compartment to starboard from centerline Compartment usage (stowage)

Holds Cargo ship compartments and the main storage spaces of all ships are called holds; holds are normally larger in merchant ships than in naval combatants or civilian passenger ships.

Complete Decks Decks that extend throughout the ship from side to side and stern to stern.

The uppermost complete deck that runs continuously from bow to stern is the main deck.

The second, third, and fourth decks are complete decks below the main deck numbered in sequence from the main deck down.

On an aircraft carrier, the uppermost complete deck is the flight deck.

Hanger Deck The main deck on aircraft carriers on which aircraft are stowed and serviced.

Forecastle deck – a partial deck at the bow above the main deck:
Amidships it becomes the upper deck. At the stern of a ship it is the poop deck .

Well deck – main deck areas between the forecastle and poop decks.
Half deck – any partial deck between complete decks. Platform decks – the partial decks below the lowest complete deck.

The deck or all parts of a deck exposed to the weather.
Weather Deck The deck or all parts of a deck exposed to the weather.

Bulwarks – a sort of low solid steel fence
Scuppers Bulwarks – a sort of low solid steel fence along the gunwale of the main deck. Scuppers – rubber or metal drains fitted in the bulwarks that allow water to run off the deck during rain or heavy seas.

Scupper A drain at the edge of a deck exposed to the weather, for allowing accumulated water to drain away into the sea or into the bilges.

Superstructure Deck Any deck above the main deck, forecastle deck, or poop deck.

Superstructure Decks These decks are called levels. The first level above the main deck is the 01 (pronounced oh-one), the second the 02, and so on.

Superstructure This includes all structures above the main deck.
NOTE: The flight deck on a carrier is the 04 level, not the main deck. Main Deck

Included in the superstructure may be the: • Wheelhouse • Bridge
• Signal bridge • CIC • Radio shack • CO’s sea cabin

Other Names for Superstructure Deck Levels
Superstructure deck levels may be called other names related to their use. Here are the names of a few: Wheelhouse Bridge Signal bridge Chart room Combat information center Radio shack Captain’s sea cabin

Mast The mast tops the superstructure and will have at least one vertical pole fitted with a horizontal yardarm that extends above the ship and carries flag halyards and navigational and signal lights.

On most ships, the mast will contain: • Electronic devices
• Radar antennas • Radio aerials • Meteorological instruments

Foremast The mast nearest the bow in vessels having two or more masts is the foremast.

Mainmast The second mast from forward in ships having two or more masts is the mainmast. It is usually taller than the foremast, making it normally the highest structure above the main deck.

Truck, Pig-stick, and Gaff
Truck – the top of the mast. Pig-stick – a slender vertical extension above the mast from which the ship’s commission pennant is flown. Gaff – a spar extending abaft the mainmast from which the national ensign is flown when the ship is Underway.

When a Navy ship is at anchor or moored, it flies the jack on the jackstaff.
Union Jack Jackstaff

When in port or at anchor, a Navy ship flies the national ensign from the flagstaff at the stern from 0800 to sunset.

Flagstaff

The Navy Jack is now raised in lieu of the Union Jack until the war on terrorism is over.

Stack It supplies air to the main propulsion engines and removes exhausts and hot gases from them.

Nuclear-powered ships do not need stacks since their reactors require no air for combustion, and they produce no smoke or gas.

Topic Review

Q. What name is given to the girders attached to the keel that support the watertight skin of the ship? Reference Study Guide Question #4A

A. Girders attached to the keel are called transverse frames.
Q. What name is given to the girders attached to the keel that support the watertight skin of the ship? A. Girders attached to the keel are called transverse frames. Reference Study Guide Question #4A

Q. What is the watertight skin called?
Reference Study Guide Question #4B

Q. What is the watertight skin called?
A. The watertight skin is the shell plating. Reference Study Guide Question #4B

Q. What additional strengthening beams run fore and aft?
Reference Study Guide Question #4C

Q. What additional strengthening beams run fore and aft?
A. Additional strengthening beams called longitudinal frames run fore and aft. Reference Study Guide Question #4C

Q. What is another name for the deck-edge where the main deck meets with the shell or side plating?

Q. What is another name for the deck edge where the main deck meets with the shell or side plating?
A. The intersection of the main deck with the shell plating is called the gunwale. Reference Study Guide Question #5

Q. How are all compartments in a ship identified?

Q. How are all compartments in a ship identified?
A. All compartments aboard a ship are identified by standardized compartment numbers that locate them and indicate their use. Reference Study Guide Question #6

Q. How are decks numbered below the main deck?
Reference Study Guide Question #7A

Q. How are decks numbered below the main deck?
A. Complete decks below the main deck are numbered in sequence from the second deck down. Reference Study Guide Question #7A

Q. How are decks numbered above the main deck?

Q. How are decks numbered above the main deck?
A. Above the main deck, the decks are usually called levels, the first level number 01, the second 02, and so on. Reference Study Guide Question #7B

Q. What name is given to all structures above the main deck?

Q. What name is given to all structures above the main deck?
A. The superstructure is the name given to all structures above the main deck. Reference Study Guide Question #8A

Q. What is the highest structure above the main deck?

Q. What is the highest structure above the main deck?
A. The ship’s mainmast is usually the highest structure above the main deck. Reference Study Guide Question #8B

Q. What equipment is installed on the mainmast of a ship?

Q. What equipment is installed on the mainmast of a ship?
A. Many of the ship’s electronic devices and antennas, radar, radio aerials, and meteorological instruments are on the mast. Reference Study Guide Question #8C

Watertight Integrity

Watertight Integrity Damage Control Plate To prevent the spread of flooding, watertight bulkheads are built in naval ships to divide the hull into a series of watertight compartments.

Watertight Integrity The soundness of a ship’s construction which prevents Leakage.

Holds These are the compartments of cargo ships, and the main storage spaces of all ships.

The more compartments a ship has, the more secure it will be from flooding.

Flooding can cause a ship to:
List – lean to port or starboard Lose trim – be “down” by the head or stern Capsize – tip over, or sink

Door Hatch Access through bulkheads is provided by doors and through decks by hatches.

Forward (or Forepeak) and
AFTER PEAK TANKS FORPEAK TANKS Forward (or Forepeak) and After Peak Tanks These are tanks located at the extreme bow and stern of the ship and are used for trimming the ship.

Collision Bulkhead A strong watertight bulkhead at the after end of the forepeak tank.

Collision Bulkhead If one ship rams another head on, the bow structure would collapse, hopefully, somewhere forward of the collision bulkhead, thus preventing flooding of compartments aft of it.

Maintenance of watertight integrity is a function of damage control.

Stuffing Tubes A cylinder plugged with watertight filler material to
prevent leakage Stuffing Tubes

All watertight doors and hatches carry markings that determine when they may or may not be opened.
In this case, the “Z” (condition ZEBRA) indicates this door is normally kept closed at all times.

Propulsion Plants

Most Navy ships are propelled by: • Conventional steam plants
• Gas turbine engines • Nuclear power

A conventional steam propulsion plant consists of:
• Boilers • Main engines (steam turbines) • Reduction gears • Propeller shafts • Propellers

Nuclear-powered ships have steam propulsion, but the steam is produced by heat from a nuclear reactor instead of oil-fired boilers.

Boiler A boxlike casing containing hundreds of water-filled steel tubes near the top, which are arranged so that heat from furnace-like fireboxes beneath passes over them turning the water into steam

Fresh water used to produce the steam in the boilers is distilled from salt water by the evaporators.

Steam Turbine – as the steam passes through the turbine, it is directed through the stationary blades onto the rotating ones, causing the shaft to spin rapidly.

Steam turbines operate most efficiently at speeds of several thousand revolutions per minute (rpm) .

Propellers are not very effective above a few hundred rpm.
Because of this, reduction gears must be used to make the transition from the high speed of the turbine to the slower speed of the propeller shafts.

Uses of Gas Turbine Engines
Gas turbine engines power several classes of: Destroyers and frigates Aegis cruisers Minesweepers Coast Guard cutters Landing craft New littoral combat ships (LCSs) are powered by a combination of two gas turbine engines and two diesels.

Gas Turbine Powered Spruance-class Ticonderoga-class
Arleigh Burke-class Oliver H. Perry-class

Gas Turbine Three basic parts: Compressor Combustion chamber Turbine
Output Shaft Intake Turbines Combustion Chamber Compressor Fuel Injectors Exhaust Compressor Combustion chamber Turbine Three basic parts:

Gas Turbine The compressor draws in air and compresses it. Output
Shaft Intake Compressor Exhaust The compressor draws in air and compresses it.

Gas Turbine Compressed air is sent to the combustion
Output Shaft Intake Combustion Chamber Compressor Fuel Injectors Exhaust Compressed air is sent to the combustion chamber, where it is combined with atomized droplets of fuel and burned.

Gas Turbine The combustion gases expand and flow
Output Shaft Intake Turbines Combustion Chamber Compressor Fuel Injectors Exhaust The combustion gases expand and flow through the turbine blades, producing energy to drive the shaft and propeller.

Advantages of a Gas Turbine Over Conventional Steam Power Plant
• More compact • Weighs less • Easier to maintain and repair • Ready to go in about a minute

Nuclear Reactor (Cooling Tower)

Nuclear Reactor An apparatus in which a nuclear-fission chain reaction can be initiated, sustained, and controlled, for generating heat or producing useful radiation.

Nuclear Reactor The primary system in a nuclear reactor is a circulating water cycle.

Nuclear Reactor CONTAINMENT STRUCTURE STEAM GENERATOR CONTROL RODS PRESSURE VESSEL STEAMLINE TURBINE GENERATOR COOLING TOWER FEEDWATER CONDENSATE HEATER PUMP CONDENSER COOLING WATER LOOP PUMP Consists of the reactor, loops or piping, primary coolant pumps, and steam generators. Heat produced in the reactor by nuclear fission is transferred to the circulating primary coolant water, which is pressurized to prevent it from boiling.

Nuclear Reactor CONTAINMENT STRUCTURE STEAM GENERATOR CONTROL RODS PRESSURE VESSEL STEAMLINE TURBINE GENERATOR COOLING TOWER FEEDWATER CONDENSATE HEATER PUMP CONDENSER COOLING WATER LOOP PUMP The primary coolant pumps then pump this water through the steam generator and back into the reactor. It can then be reheated for the next cycle.

Nuclear Reactor CONTAINMENT STRUCTURE STEAM GENERATOR CONTROL RODS PRESSURE VESSEL STEAMLINE TURBINE GENERATOR COOLING TOWER FEEDWATER CONDENSATE HEATER PUMP CONDENSER COOLING WATER LOOP PUMP The steam produced in the generator and used to run the turbines circulates in a separate loop outside the reactor, to avoid problems with radioactivity.

Nuclear power does not require oxygen. Because of this, submarines can operate underwater for extended periods of time.

Propeller Shaft A shaft that transmits power from an engine to a propeller.

Propeller Shaft They run from the reduction gears through long watertight spaces called shaft alleys in the bottom of the ship.

Propeller Shaft Alleys

Propellers drive the ship.

Carriers (CV) Cruisers (CG) Destroyers (DD) Fast Frigates (FFG) 4 2 1 # of Propellers

Variable/Controllable-Pitch Propeller
A propeller with blades that can be rotated on the hub to provide more or less “bite” into the water for additional control of the ship’s speed or to provide reverse thrust.

Topic Review

Q. What main components does a steam propulsion plant have?

Q. What main components does a steam propulsion plant have?
A. A steam propulsion plant consists of boilers, main engines (steam turbines), reduction gears, propeller shafts, and propellers. Reference Study Guide Question #9A

Q. What is the biggest difference between a steam- and nuclear-powered vessel?

Q. What is the biggest difference between a steam- and nuclear-powered vessel?
A. Nuclear-powered ships have steam propulsion, too, but the steam is produced by heat from a nuclear reactor instead of oil-fired boilers. Reference Study Guide Question #9B

Q. Briefly describe how a gas turbine engine works.

Q. Briefly describe how a gas turbine engine works.
A. The three basic parts of a gas turbine engine are compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The compressor draws in air, compresses it, and sends it under pressure to the combustion chamber, where it is combined with atomized fuel and burned. The combustion gases expand and flow through the turbine blades, causing the turbine to rotate and drive the shaft and propellers. Reference Study Guide Question #10

Q. What part of the propulsion system actually drives the ship through the water?

A. Propellers actually drive the ship through the water.
Q. What part of the propulsion system actually drives the ship through the water? A. Propellers actually drive the ship through the water. Reference Study Guide Question #11

Q. Why is there heavy shielding around the reactor compartment of a nuclear propulsion plant?

Q. Why is there heavy shielding around the reactor compartment of a nuclear propulsion plant?
A. Heavy shielding is placed around the reactor compartment in order to protect the crew from nuclear radiation. Reference Study Guide Question #12

Shipbuilding

Ships are built in dry-docks.

In many shipyards, large portions of the ship are built in subassembly bays away from the main assembly site.

Subassembly A structural assembly, as parts of a ship, forming part of a larger assembly.

Part of the Island of the Carrier Harry S. Truman
When whole sections of the ship are completed, they are carried to the main building site with large cranes, where they are welded together.

The first operation in constructing a ship is erecting the keel sections,...

...and the last is painting the exterior hull of the vessel.

Topic Review

Q. Where are ships built? Reference Study Guide Question #13

Q. Where are ships built? A. Ships are built in dry docks. In many shipyards today large components are built in subassembly bays away from the main assembly site, and then carried to the main building site for assembly. Reference Study Guide Question #13

Q. What are the basic steps in building a ship?

Q. What are the basic steps in building a ship?
A. The basic steps in building a ship are: 1) laying the keel sections on building blocks; 2) extending the keel from the center outboard, and fore and aft; 3) installing the main propulsion system, auxiliary machinery, and shafting; 4) assembling the bow section separately and joining it to the rest of the hull; and then 5) painting the exterior hull. Reference Study Guide Question #14

Launching

A ship can be launched in one of three ways:
• Dry-dock • Side • Float-off

In a dry-dock launching, the dock is simply flooded to the outside water level and the ship is floated out.

Side launching is often done for small ships like tugs and other harbor craft, and this 4,700-ton Pathfinder T-AGS 60 class (T-AGS 65) ship built by the Navy.

In the float-off launching, the ship is constructed on powered pallet cars, which are rolled onto a pontoon with tracks. The pontoon is towed into deep water and submerged, while the ship is towed off to the outfitting docks.

The name of a ship is chosen by the
Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) upon recommendation of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO).

Christening A female sponsor breaks on the bow a
gaily-wrapped bottle of champagne, wine, or water, saying, “I name you in the name of the United States.”

Christening A public ceremony in which a new ship is formally named and launched.

Fitting Out The superstructure, masts, guns, and other equipment are installed, and other spaces are painted and fitted with furniture and equipment.

Topic Review

Q. In what three ways can a ship be launched?

Q. In what three ways can a ship be launched?
A. The three ways a ship can be launched are dry dock-launched, side-launched, or float-off launched. Reference Study Guide Question #15

Q. Who chooses the name of a new ship?

Q. Who chooses the name of a new ship?
A. The name of the ship is chosen by the Secretary of the Navy upon recommendation of the CNO. Reference Study Guide Question #16

Commissioning

When a ship is ready for commissioning,
an officer representing the CNO is ordered to place her in commission.

The national ensign is hoisted to designate her as a ship in the official service of the government.
The commission pennant is broken at the mainmast.

Commission Pennant A long, tapering flag or burgee of distinctive form and special significance, borne on naval or other vessels and used in signaling or for identification.

Sea Trials Sea Trials – Shakedown Cruise: The ship is tested for:
• Weapons fired and calibrated • Communications gear tested The ship is tested for: • Seaworthiness • Speed • Endurance • Ability to maneuver • Fuel consumption • Propeller revolutions • Many other functions

USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74)
Sea Trials Shakedown Cruise USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74)

The ship and her crew undergo a 6- to 8-week training cruise
The ship and her crew undergo a 6- to 8-week training cruise. Upon successful completion of this cruise, the ship is ready to join the fleet.

Topic Review

Q. Who places a naval ship in commission?

Q. Who places a naval ship in commission?
A. When a ship is ready for commissioning, the shipyard commander or another senior officer representing the CNO is ordered to place it in commission. Reference Study Guide Question #17A

Q. What is the first order of the new commanding officer after he or she reads the orders to command a ship? Reference Study Guide Question #17B

Q. What is the first order of the new commanding officer after he or she reads the orders to command a ship? A. The prospective commanding officer reads aloud the orders from the Navy Department to command the ship, and then the first order is “Bring the ship to life and set the watch.” The officers and crew then file aboard and take their stations in the new ship. Reference Study Guide Question #17B

Q. What are the purposes of the shakedown and underway training cruise?

Q. What are the purposes of the shakedown and underway training cruise?
A. The ship goes on a shakedown cruise to verify seaworthiness, speed, endurance, and ability to maneuver. After discrepancies of these tests, if any, are corrected, the ship goes on a six-to-eight-week underway training cruise. Upon successful completion of this cruise, the ship is ready to join the fleet. Reference Study Guide Question #18

Ship Designations

Navy ships have both a name and a number.
USS Winston S. Churchill (DDG 81)

Designation The letters tell the ship type and general use; the hull numbers indicate the number of ships of that type built, in sequence. (CVN 74) (DDG 67)

The first letter in a designator is a
general classification. The designator letters are as follows: A B C CV D F L Auxiliary Battleship Cruiser Carrier Destroyer Frigate Amphibious M P S T Y Mine warfare Patrol Submarine Military Sealift Command Yard and Service craft

In combatant designations, the letter N means nuclear propulsion.
CVN 71 In combatant designations, the letter N means nuclear propulsion.

The letter G means the ship carries guided missiles.
DDG 75 The letter G means the ship carries guided missiles.

When a number of ships are built to
USS Ticonderoga (CG 47) USS Yorktown (CG 48) USS Vincennes (CG 49) (and on up through) USS Vella Gulf (CG 72) USS Port Royal (CG 73) When a number of ships are built to the same design, they make up a class, which is named for the first ship in it. All of the above ships are of the Ticonderoga class.

USS Arleigh Burke (DDG 51)
The USS Arleigh Burke is a guided-missile destroyer. DD means destroyer. G means it carries guided missiles.

The USS Ohio is a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine.
(SSBN 726) The USS Ohio is a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. SS means submarine. B means ballistic missile. N means nuclear-powered.

The USS Ohio is the first of the latest class
(SSBN 726) The USS Ohio is the first of the latest class of Trident missile submarines, so that group of ships is known as the Ohio-class fleet ballistic missile submarines.

CG AOE FFG LHD LSD SSN All Navy ships can be easily identified as to their type, mission, armament, and propulsion by their designator.

Military Sealift Command (MSC)
A “T” preceding their designator identifies MSC ships. USNS Saturn (T-AFS 10)

Topic Review

Q. Of what is a ship’s designation composed?

Q. Of what is a ship’s designation composed?
A. A designation is a group of letters and numbers that identify the ship. The letters tell the ship type and general use; the hull numbers indicate the number of ships of that type built, in sequence. Reference Study Guide Question #19A

Q. What are the first-letter designators of major naval vessels?

Q. What are the first-letter designators of major naval vessels?
A – Auxiliary L – Amphibious, littoral B – Battleship M – Mine warfare C – Cruiser P – Patrol CV – Carrier S – Submarine D – Destroyer T – Military Service Command F – Frigate Y – Yard and service craft Reference Study Guide Question #19B

Q. What determines a class of ships?

Q. What determines a class of ships?
A. When a number of ships are built to the same design, they make up a class, which is named for the first ship in it. Reference Study Guide Question #20A

Q. What do the letters G and N indicate in a ship’s designator?

Q. What do the letters G and N indicate in a ship’s designator?
A. The designator letter “G” indicates guided missiles in the ship’s main battery, and the letter “N” indicates the ship has nuclear propulsion. Reference Study Guide Question #20B

Q. What does a “T” before a ship’s designator mean?

Q. What does a “T” before a ship’s designator mean?
A. A “T” before a ship’s designator means that the ship is a part of the Military Sealift Command and is manned by contract civilians. Reference Study Guide Question #20C

UNIT 1: SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE CONTROL

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UNIT 1: SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE CONTROL

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