2. A modal verb is an auxiliary verb; comes before another verb and adds to the meaning of that verb; cannot function as a main verb in a sentence; used to express intention, necessity, obligation, offer, permission, possibility, prohibition, question, request, suggestion.

3. wwill / would ccan / could mmay/ might sshall/ should oought to mmust hhave to nneed

4. When using modals (except for “have to” it is important to remember the following rules: AA modal always has the same form. There is no –s ending, no –ing or –ed forms. e.g. Paul can speak English fluently. OOnly the base form of the verb follows a modal. e.g. You should learn these rules perfectly well. QQuestions are formed by inverting the modal and the subject. e.g. Can he play the guitar well? NNegative are formed by adding not (n’t) after the modal. e.g. Dina couldn’t come to the party because she was sick. MMost modals have more that one meaning, depending on the context they are used.

5. 1. To talk about what you are able to do "He is so strong! He can lift that car!" "She can't come before four o'clock." "Can he teach?" 2. To talk about a general possibility "The weather here can get really bad." "These chairs can be folded." "Such things can happen." 3. To say that something is allowed "He can borrow my book if he needs it." "You can't smoke in here". "You can pay with a credit card." 4. To make a request (this is an informal use, "may" is the formal version) "Can you help me with my homework?" "Can you make some tea?" "Can you come here, please?"

6. As the past form of "can" "He said he couldn't come so early." "I couldn't remember who he was." "They couldn't pass the border." To make a polite request "Could you open the window, please?" "Could you turn up the heat?" "Could you remind him to call?" To show possibility ("may" and "might" are stronger) "She could be with her parents." "It could take you months to find a new place." "He could still win, but it's not very likely."

7. may / may notmight / might not 1.To show possibility (it is slightly stronger than "might") "What he said may be true." "It may rain." "You may win the race." 1.As a past from of "may“ "The weatherman said it might rain." "She mentioned that she might come." "We agreed that it might be dangerous." 2. To request or give permission (this is a formal use, "can" is the informal version) "You may sit down." "May I speak?" "He may not use the car." 2. To show possibility (it is slightly weaker than "may") "He might pass the exam, but I wouldn't count on it." "We might fail, but let's not think about it." "I might visit on Saturday."

8. To show that you have to do something, for example because it is very important or because it is a rule. "You must stop the car when the traffic light turns red.“ "You must pay your taxes." "Must not" (or "mustn't") is used to show you are not allowed to do something " You mustn't steal." "He mustn't talk to his parents like that." "The fruit of this bush must not be eaten because it is toxic." To show that something is very logical or very likely to be true "He left at noon, so he must be there already." "She is not stupid, so she must have known what she was doing!" "They must be really rich to live in such a house."

9. 1.To say what is the right thing to do. "You should be helping your mother." "If he doesn't like the job, he should tell it to his boss." "If you knew you were going to be so late, you should have called." 2. To give advice or ask for advice "You should try the new restaurant down the street." "What should I do? Should I tell him the truth?" "Should I try to take the exam again?" 3. To show that something is likely to be true or that it is expected. "Let's return home, dinner should be ready by now." "We should arrive there by twelve o'clock." "I should get an e-mail from him soon." We use “ought to” to say what is the right thing to do ("should" is the more common word) "In her condition, she ought to quit smoking." "I believe you ought to apologize." "He was watching TV when he ought to have been studying."

10. It is necessary to leave now. I must leave now. Otherwise, we will fail. We have to prepare for the test. In many cases, we can choose either m ust or h ave to. e.g. We must/ have to get to the hospital by nine. However, when the speaker is giving his own feelings, we tend to use “must”. e.g. I feel guilty, I must speak to him. When the speaker is reporting facts rather than expressing his own feelings, we tend to use “have to”: e.g. I have to visit the dentist today.

11. ExamplePositive FormTense We will have to go there by all means.will have toFuture Simple He has to be there on time.have/ has toPresent Simple I had to stay late at work yesterday.had toPast Simple ExampleNegative FormTense He will not have to do all this work!will not /won’t have to Future Simple He does not have to leave yet.does not- doesn’t / do not – don’t have to Present Simple He did not have to go to work yesterday.did not/ didn’t have to Past Simple

12. Will your parents have to leave on Monday? Does he have to get up so early? Did they have to go to work on holiday? What will the students have to do on Monday? Why does he have to clean the territory? How did he have to drive in England? Who will have to work tomorrow? Who has to finish doing the Project? Who had to take care of the children?

13. To say something is forbidden / prohibited / not allowed, we use “mustn’t” e.g. You mustn’t smoke in public places. – Smoking in public places is forbidden. “Mustn’t” does not mean the same as don’t have to. Compare the sentences: YYou mustn’t go out in the interval. (You are not allowed to smoke) YYou don’t have to go out in the interval. ( it isn’t necessary…)

14. “Needn’t” means the same as “not have to”. We use “needn’t” to mean there is no necessity to do something. Compare the sentences : e.g. You needn’t arrive before 9 o’clock. Nobody will be there before then. (it isn’t necessary) You mustn’t arrive before 9 o clock. They are preparing a surprise for you. (You are not allowed to)

15. We use “must” to say that something is obvious or that we are sure about it. e.g. You must be tired. You have been working all day long. (I’m sure that…) There are no lights on. They must be sleeping. (Obviously…) Compare two sentences : e.g. They must sleep. (They haven’t slept all right. It is necessary for them to sleep.) They must be sleeping. (They are obviously sleeping. That’s why they are not answering the phone.) We use will when we are completely certain about something. E.g. Lisa left the house two hours ago. She will be at work by now. We use “must have+V 3 to say that we are sure of something in the past. e.g. I called you yesterday, but you didn’t answer. You must have gone out. (You have obviously gone out.)

16. We use “should” to say that something is probably true or will probably happen. E.g. Lior should be at home by now. (He is probably at home…) Remember: We use “must” when we are more certain about something happening. e.g. It is 11 o’clock. Daniel should be at the university right now. ( a strong probability) It is 11 o’clock. Daniel must be at the university right now. ( a very strong probability, almost a certainty.)

17. We use the modals “may”, “might”, “could” to express a weak degree of certainty. e.g. There is the phone. It may be Shelly. I might visit my relatives in the USA in summer. We use can’t and couldn’t to say that something is definitely not true or unlikely to be true. e.g. This story can’t / couldn’t be true. (I’m sure it’s not true)

18. e.g. You should do more exercise. She shouldn’t work so hard. Should we do all this work? We can use “ought to” instead of “should”. e.g. You ought to practice more if you want to succeed. NegativePastNegativePositive shouldn’t have +V3should have + V3shouldn’tshould oughtn’t to have + V3ought to have + V3oughtn’t toought to Often “should” and “ought to” are used to show that something is not what we expect, and needs to be changed. e.g. Why does this cost so much? It should/ ought to cost less. We use should have or ought to have + V3 to express regret or to say that someone did the wrong thing. e.g. You shouldn’t have said that. It sounded insulting.

19. The phrasal modal “had better” has a similar meaning to “should” (it is advisable that…). The contracted form “ ‘d better” is mostly commonly used. e.g. I want to be home in the afternoon. I’d better go now or I’ll be late. “ Had better” is often stronger than “should”; it can sound like a threat. e.g. You’d better study harder for the test or you’ll fail. The negative of “had better” is “had better not”. e.g. You’d better not speak to me like that. Remember! The form is always “had better” but it does not refer to the past. It refers only to the present and future. e.g. You’d better go.= You should go. “Had better” is a phrasal MODAL and therefore always followed by a BASE FORM. Questions of “had better” are usually expressed with “should”. Only NEGATIVE questions are possible with “had better”. e.g. Should you call me later? BUT: Hadn’t you better go to bed now? It is really late. OR Shouldn’t you go to bed now? It is really late.

20. We use “can”, “could” or would when asking for something or asking someone to do something. e.g. Could you turn off the radio? Would you please help me with the project? We use “can”, “could”, or “may” when asking permission to do something. “May” is rather formal. e.g. May I come in? Can I use your pen? When talking about permission, we use “can” or “be allowed to”. e.g. According to the law, you are not allowed to smoke in public places. When reporting/ talking about permission in the past, we use “could” or “ was / were allowed to.” e.g. I couldn’t stay out late when I was a child.

21. We can use “can” and “could’ to talk about ability in the present and in the past. e.g. She can speak English fluently. Dan couldn’t read when he was 3 years old. For ability in the future, we use “can’ or “will be able to”. e.g. Don’t worry. I will be able to deal with this problem. We use “be able to”: When we mean “managed to”, “succeeded in”. e.g. Fortunately, we were able to overcome this trouble. With other auxiliary verbs. e.g. If you leave earlier, I will be able to come with you. To be unable= to be not able e.g. My mother says that she is unable / is not able to be home on time. We use can or could with verbs of perception, such as see, hear, understand. e.g. Sorry, I can’t understand you.

22. Modal VerbUsageExample can abilityI can do several things at the same time. when something is possibleMiracles can happen. permissionYou can go now. informal requestsCan you come for a minute? could past form of "can"She said she could pay for us as well. polite requestsCould you move your bag, please? possibilityIt could be that he missed the train. may possibilityIt may rain tomorrow. ask or give permission (formal) May I speak? might past form of "may"He said he might change his mind. possibilityThis might fail. must you have to do itYou must obey the law it's very logical or very likely to happen They left so early, they must be home by now. must not/ mustn't you are not allowed to do itYou mustn't smoke in here.

23. Modal verbUsageExample shall future for "I" and "we"I shall see him tomorrow. questions and suggestions for "I" and "we" Let's continue, shall we? should the right thing to do She should call the police. advice - What should I do? - You should stop thinking about it. what is likely or expected to happen We should be back by midnight. will future action or states (not plans) Prices will go up next summer. promises and intentionsIt's alright, I'll pick it up. would past form of "will"He told me he would come. imagined situations What would you do if you were him? for polite requests, offers and invitations - Would you please sit down? - Would you like some tea? - We are meeting with Sarah next Saturday, would you like to come along? to say what you want to do or have I would like a piece of cake. ought tothe right thing to doYou ought to apologize.

24. SituationModal VerbExample requests (formal) mayMay I sit down? requests (informal) canCan I sit down? requests (polite) couldCould I sit down? requests (polite) would Would you mind if I sit down? permission (formal) mayYou may sit down. permission (informal) canYou can sit down. obligation (full) must You must tell the police the truth. obligation (partial) should You should tell your friends the truth. obligation (partial) (less common) ought to You ought to tell your friends the truth.

25. SituationModal VerbExample logical conclusions (stronger than "should") must He left an hour ago, so he must be there already. logical conclusions (weaker than "must") should He left half an hour ago, I believe he should be there already. possibility (general) canIt can rain sometimes. possibility (weaker than "may" and "might") could It could rain, but it is not very common in this part of the country. possibility (weaker than "may") mightIt's not very cloudy yet, but it might rain. possibility (stronger than "might") mayIt starts getting cloudy – it may rain soon. future actions/states/intentionswillLook at the sky! It will rain soon.

26. Have you understood the material? If your answer is “Yes”, go to the following exercises. Ex. 1Ex. 2Ex. 3Ex. 4Ex. 5 Check you knowledge. Do the following quizzes. Quiz 1Quiz 2Quiz 3Quiz 4Quiz 5