1. Chapter Investing in Stocks 12.1 12.1Evaluating Stocks 12.2 12.2Buying and Selling Stock 12

2. SLIDE 2 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.1 Evaluating Stocks GOALS Describe features of stock and types of stocks. Explain how to value a stock and decide a fair price to pay for a stock purchase.

3. SLIDE 3 Chapter 12 Owning Stock Nearly 50 million people in the US own stocks. People who own stock are called stockholders, or shareholders Two ways to profit from owning stock: Dividends are money paid to stockholders from the corporation’s earnings (profits). Capital gain is an increase in the value of the stock over time.

4. SLIDE 4 Chapter 12 Common Stock Common stock represents a type of stock that pays a variable dividend and gives the holder voting rights. A proxy is a stockholder’s written authorization to transfer his or her voting rights to someone else, usually a company manager.

5. SLIDE 5 Chapter 12 Preferred Stock Preferred stock represents a type of stock that pays a fixed dividend but has no voting rights. Preferred stockholders earn the stated dividend, regardless of how the company is doing. Preferred stock is less risky than common stock. Dividends on preferred stock may be lower than common stockholders would earn, if the company is thriving over time.

6. SLIDE 6 Chapter 12 Income stocks – Stocks that have a history of paying high dividends. Growth stocks - Profits are reinvested into the business. Little or no dividends paid. Emerging stocks – young, small companies that have higher overall risk. Often inexpensive but risky. Types of Stock Investments

7. SLIDE 7 Chapter 12 Blue chip stocks – Large, established corporations with a record of profitability. Conservative investment. Defensive stocks – remains stable and pays dividends during a recession. Ex. - Utilities, pharmaceuticals, food, and health care stocks Cyclical stocks – do well when the economy is stable or growing. Ex. – travel (airlines, & hotels) and manufacturing (cars, construction) Types of Stock Investments

8. SLIDE 8 Chapter 12 Valuing Stock The par value is an assigned dollar value given to each share of stock. Preferred stock – this is used to calculate dividend payments Common stock – not usually assigned. Market value is the price for which the stock is bought and sold in the marketplace. Reflects what investors are willing to pay.

9. SLIDE 9 Chapter 12 Stock Price Factors that affect price include: The company – In a good financial position. Debit low, profits high. Interest rates – When interest rates fall below inflation rate, people buy more stock The market - The demand for a particular product or service is on the rise or decline. Earnings per share – after-tax earnings decided by the number of common stock shares outstanding (owned by investors).

10. SLIDE 10 Chapter 12 Return on Investment Because you can make money on stocks from dividends and from an increase in the price of the stock (capital gain), you should consider both when computing the return on your investment. Your profit is the difference between what you paid for the stock and what you sold it for, plus any dividends you earned. To compute the total costs, add any commission you paid to the stockbroker to the purchase price of the stock.

11. Computing Return on Investment SLIDE 11 Chapter 12 Current Profit on Stock Purchase Price + Commission = Return on Investment (ROI Example:Selling Price: $40/share Dividends received during year: $1/share Purchase price: $38/share Discount brokerage fee: $19 Number of shares owned: 100 Computations: Current profit: $40/share - $38/share = $2/share x 100 = $200 + $100 Dividends = total profits of $300 $300 (100 X$38) + $19 = 7.86%

12. SLIDE 12 Chapter 12 Stock Indexes A stock index is a benchmark that investors use to judge the performance of their investments. Examples of commonly used indexes include: Dow Jones Industrial Average Average of the price movements of 30 major stocks listed on the NYSE. (blue chip stocks) Standard & Poor’s 500 NASDAQ Composite Index

13. SLIDE 13 Chapter 12 Lesson 12.2 Buying and Selling Stock GOALS Describe the process of buying and selling stocks. Describe short- and long-term investment strategies when buying and selling stocks. Explain how to read the stock listings and stock indexes.

14. SLIDE 14 Chapter 12 The Securities Market A securities exchange is a marketplace where brokers who are representing investors meet to buy and sell securities. The over-the-counter (OTC) market is a network of brokers who buy and sell the securities of corporations that are not listed on a securities exchange. NASDAQ

15. SLIDE 15 Chapter 12 Bull and Bear Markets A bull market is a prolonged period of rising stock prices and a general feeling of investor optimism. A bear market is a prolonged period of falling stock prices and a general feeling of investor pessimism.

16. SLIDE 16 Chapter 12 Investing Strategies Short-term techniques Buy on margin Sell short

17. SLIDE 17 Chapter 12 Buy on Margin Borrow money from your broker to buy stock Leverage is the use of borrowed money to buy securities. If price increases you sell the stock and pay back the loan and commission and take short-term profit. If the stock decreases to about one-half of the original purchase price, the investor will receive a margin call from the broker. This means the investor must pledge additional cash or securities to serve as collateral for the loan.

18. SLIDE 18 Chapter 12 Sell Short Short selling is selling stock borrowed from a broker that must be replaced at a later time. To sell short, you borrow a certain number of shares from the broker. You then sell the borrowed stock, knowing that you must buy it back later and return it to the broker. You are betting that the price will drop, so that you can buy it back at a lower price than you sold it for, thus making a profit.

19. SLIDE 19 Chapter 12 Long-Term Investing Techniques Buy and hold Dollar-cost averaging Direct investment Reinvesting dividends

20. SLIDE 20 Chapter 12 Buy and Hold Most investors consider stock purchases as long-term investments. All stocks go up and down, but over a number of years, the overall trend of non-speculative stocks is moderately up. When you are ready to sell years later, most likely your stock will have gained value. In addition, many stocks pay dividends, so you are earning income while you hold the stock.

21. SLIDE 21 Chapter 12 Stock Split A stock split is an increase in the number of outstanding shares of a company’s stock. When a company increases its number of outstanding shares, it lowers the selling price in direct proportion. A stock split lowers the selling price of the stock, making the shares more affordable and encouraging investors to buy more. As investors buy more stock at the lower price, the share price often rises. If you held the stock before the split, then this price increase makes your stock worth more.

22. SLIDE 22 Chapter 12 Dollar-cost Averaging Involves the regular purchase of an equal dollar amount of the same stock at consistent intervals. The result is usually a lower average cost per share. Used so investors don’t have to worry about timing their investment purchases.

23. SLIDE 23 Chapter 12 Direct Investment You can save money using direct investment, or buying stock directly from a corporation. By buying directly, you avoid brokerage and other purchasing fees. You may also be able to obtain shares at prices lower than on open exchanges.

24. SLIDE 24 Chapter 12 Reinvesting Dividends Dividend reinvestment means using dividends previously earned on the stock to buy more shares. Buying stock this way avoids a broker fee and other costs that apply, such as taxes, when you receive cash dividends on the stock.

25. SLIDE 25 Chapter 12 Reading the Stock Listings Excerpt from stock exchange listings: 52 Wks StockDivYld% P/E Ratio Sales 100sHighLowClose Net Change HighLow 1234567891011 58.7544.00Enger2.204.812 10946.3845.5046.00–.50 45.0023.00Eng pf2.258.910 2526.2524.0025.38+.38 10.509.00Entld.101.03 810.139.5010.00---- 24.0016.00Epsco1.005.07 1221.0019.0020.00+.88 6.384.00Exlab---- 15 300z5.755.125.50---- 57.0032.00ExeB2.505.7114846.0043.0044.00+1.00

26. SLIDE 26 Chapter 12 Stock Progress Chart Stock Names Closing Prices for 10 Days Total Change (+ or –) 12345678910 1. Enger28.0028.1229.0028.0027.0028.0028.5029.0029.5030.00+2 2. Glastn38.0040.0041.0041.50––40.0039.0038.00 0 3. Karbr pf61.0061.2561.1361.0061.3861.0062.0062.3861.0061.13+.13 4. Maxln50.1349.0050.0050.2551.00 51.1352.00 53.50+3.37 5. Totlmb10.0011.0011.1311.5011.0010.8810.009.008.008.50–1.50