1. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center FMCW Radar Overview Review of FMCW technology CRREL FMCW Radar Applications FMCW Radar Plans for CLPX?

2. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center FMCW Radar Source Signal Frequency varies linearly with time Snow Surface

3. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Transit time (2R/c) Beat Frequency Reference Target FMCW Radar Parameters

4. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center FMCW Radar Output Mixer OutputFFT of Mixer Output

5. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Why FMCW Radar? Inexpensive and easy to operate Field portable and robust Wide bandwidth capability

6. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center CRREL FMCW Radar Ku-Band FMCW Radar 25 dB horn HP microwave source LabVIEW data acquisition

7. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center FMCW Radar Bandwidth Diversity Resolution ~ 1/Bandwidth

8. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Snow Depth Measurements Ka- and X-band FMCW RadarExperimental Results

9. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Polar Firn Stratigraphy FMCW Radar in Greenland Summer 1998 Summer 1997 Summer 1996 Summer 1995 Summer 1994 Summer 1993 0 20 40 60 80 100 Distance (m) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Depth (m) Snow Pit Data (Hoar Location) Hoar Stratigraphy

10. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Ice Channel Detection with Microwave FMCW Radar Excavated Ice Channel Ice Channels Experiment Setup and Results Corner Reflectors Snow Surface 2- 6 GHz FMCW Radar

11. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Radar Detection of Landmines Snow Covered Test SiteAnti-tank Mines in Frozen Ground

12. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Radar Backscatter Measurements

13. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Electromagnetic Signature of Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground CRREL Test Facility Optical and MMW Radar Data

14. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center FMCW Radar for CLPX? Polarimetric backscatter (L,C,X,Ku) Multiband radar properties of snow (C,X,Ku,Ka,V,W) Subsurface melt detection

15. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Mobile Backscatter Measurements B C A A B C

16. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Multiband Radar Properties of Snow Cover X-band (8-12 GHz) Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) C-band (3.9-5.9 GHz)

17. US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research & Development Center Subsurface Melt in Snow Time series measurements.