1. University of Papua New Guinea Principles of Microeconomics Lecture 10: Perfect competition

2. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 1 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Overview Markets: four basic categories Perfect competition –Losses in the short run –Entry/exit of firms –Conclusions

3. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 2 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Markets: four basic categories M Characteristic Perfect competition Monopolistic competition OligopolyMonopoly Number of firms Many FewOne! Type of product IdenticalDifferentiated Identical or differentiated Unique Barriers to entry/exit NoneLowHighEntry blocked Price taker / maker? Taker Maker Examples of industries Rice Wheat Hairdressers Restaurants Banking Supermarkets Letter delivery Tap water

4. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 3 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition The demand curve facing individual firms in a perfectly competitive market is horizontal – i.e. perfectly elastic This does not change the market-level supply and demand analysis –I.e., the demand curve facing the market is not flat! Characteristic Perfect competition Number of firms Many Type of product Identical Barriers to entry/exit None Price taker / maker? Taker Examples of industries Rice Wheat

5. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 4 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition Marginal revenue (MR): –The revenue generated from the additional (‘next’) unit sold Average revenue (AR): –Total revenue ÷ quantity = TR = Average P x Q Q Q In a perfectly competitive market: Demand curve = P = MR = AR

6. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 5 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Number of bushels (Q) Market price per bushel ($P) Total revenue (TR) Average revenue (AR) Marginal revenue (MR) 0$4$0-- 144$4 24844 341244 441644 542044 642444 742844 843244 943644 1044044 An example

7. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 6 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition Producers in a perfectly competitive market can sell as much produce as they want to at the same constant price The profit-maximising level of output is: –Where the difference between total revenue and total cost is the greatest –Where MR = MC Note: The MR = MC rule applies for ALL market types

8. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 7 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Quantity (bushels)(Q) Total revenue (TR) Total cost (TC) Profit (TR – TC) Marginal revenue (MR) Marginal cost (MC) 0$0$1.00- $1.00-- 14.00 0.00$4.00$3.00 28.006.002.004.002.00 312.007.504.504.001.50 416.009.506.504.00.2.00 520.0012.008.004.002.50 624.0015.009.004.003.00 728.0019.508.504.004.50 832.0025.506.504.006.00 936.0032.503.504.007.00 1040.0040.50- 0.504.008.00 An example

9. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 8 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish An example (cont.)

10. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 9 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Price (and cost) Quantity 0 D = MR P* Q π -maximising level of output MC ATC Total π = (P – ATC) x Q Firm level analysis: Putting it all together…

11. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 10 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition Profits ( π ) : –Where P > ATC: firm makes supranormal π –Where P = ATC: firm makes normal π –Where P < ATC: firm experiences losses These apply in all markets!

12. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 11 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish P = ATC = MC Quantity 0 D = MR P* Q MC ATC Price (and cost) Break-even point ( Total π = 0) π -maximising level of output

13. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 12 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish P < ATC Price (and cost) 0 D = MR P* Q Loss minimising level of output MC ATC Losses = (P – ATC) x Q Quantity

14. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 13 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition: Losses in the short-run In the short-run, a firm suffering losses has two choices: –Continue to produce –Stop production and shut down temporarily A note on sunk costs Sunk cost: A cost that has already been paid and cannot be recovered, and thus, logically, should not be considered in future decision-making A fixed cost is not necessarily a sunk cost!

15. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 14 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition: Losses in the short-run P > AVC –Even if a firm suffers losses, it should continue to operate as long as it can recover its variable costs P = AVC –The firm is indifferent as to whether it operates or shuts down temporarily P < AVC [‘Shutdown point’] –The minimum point on a firm’s average variable cost curve; if the price falls below this point, the firm shuts down production

16. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 15 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Illustrating the shutdown point Price (and cost) 0 P MIN Q SD MC ATC Shutdown point AVC The minimum price at which the firm will continue to produce The supply curve for the firm in the short run Quantity

17. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 16 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition: Entry / exit of firms Where supranormal profits exist, new firms will enter the market =>  Supply =>  P,  Q Where losses persist, firms will exit the market =>  Supply =>  P,  Q Long-run equilibrium? –Normal economic profits! Remember, there are no significant barriers to entry/exit!

18. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 17 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Where supranormal profits exist…

19. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 18 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish

20. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 19 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Where losses exist…

21. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 20 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish

22. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 21 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish In summary:

23. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 22 Lecture 10: Perfect competition Michael Cornish Perfect competition: Conclusions Productive efficiency? Allocative efficiency? Dynamic efficiency? Sounds great! But unfortunately, few markets are perfectly competitive... Dynamic efficiency: The ability of firms to develop and adapt to change over time (especially re: technology)