1. Common Eye Ailments …. …. Threat to Road Safety DR. QAZI WASIQ Medical Director, Pakistan Eye Bank Society Hospital General Secretary, PMA, Karachi General Secretary, OSP Karachi General Secretary, Dehli OBA

2. NORMAL EYE COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

3. EYE VS CAMERA COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

4.        

5. Nyctalopia (Night Blindness) Cataract Glaucoma Corneal Opacities Refractive errors Diabetic Retinopathies ARMD Vitreous Floaters         COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

6. NYCTALOPIA (Night Blindness) Retinitis Pigmentosa Night blindness is the inability to see well at night or in poor light. It is not a disorder in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying disorder or problem RP is a type of progressive retinal dystrophy, a group of inherited disorders in which abnormalities of the photoreceptors (rods and cones) Affected individuals first experience defective dark adaptation or nyctalopia (night blindness), followed by reduction of the peripheral visual field (known as tunnel vision) and, sometimes, loss of central vision late in the course of the disease COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

7. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY Night blindness induced by Vitamin A Deficiency, Xerophthalmia Function: Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy skin, teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucus membranes, and skin. Retinol is an active form of vitamin A which produces the pigments in the retina of the eye. Vitamin A promotes good vision, especially in low light. Source: Vitamin A comes from animal sources, such as eggs, meat, fortified milk, cheese, cream, liver, kidney, cod, and halibut fish oil. However, all of these sources -- except for skim milk that has been fortified with Vitamin A. Carotenoids are dark-colored dyes (pigments) found in plant foods that can turn into a form of vitamin A. There are more than 500 known carotenoids. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. Retinol; Retinal; Retinoic acid; Carotenoids COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY NYCTALOPIA (Night Blindness)

8. CATARACT A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye Factors that may speed up cataract formation are: Diabetes Eye inflammation Eye injury Family history of cataracts Radiation exposure Smoking Surgery for another eye problem Long-term use of corticosteroids (taken by mouth) or certainother medications Too much exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) The lens of the eye is normally clear. It acts like the lens on a camera, focusing light as it passes to the back of the eye, on to Retina. Types: SenileJuvenile Congenital Traumatic Secondary              COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

9. GLAUCOMA Glaucoma refers to a group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve. This nerve carries visual information from the eye to the brain. Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in Pakistan. There are four major types of glaucoma: Open-angle (chronic) glaucoma Angle-closure (acute) glaucoma Congenital glaucoma Secondary glaucoma     COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

10. CORNEAL OPACITIES Corneal opacity occurs when the cornea, the transparent structure on the front of the eyeball becomes scarred, can cause serious vision problems This stops light from passing through the cornea to the retina. The cornea appears white or clouded. There are many causes of corneal opacity. Causes: Infection Injury Inflammation of the eye Risk Factors Vitamin A deficiency Measles & Herpes simplex virus Eye injury, Foreign bodies striking the eye, wearing contact lenses Burns (Thermal, Chemical & Radiations) Infections, including conjunctivitis or “Red eye“ COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY        

11. REFRACTIVE ERRORS Refractive error is a deficiency or a failure of the optical surfaces of the eye to focus images clearly on the retina. This results in a blurred image being perceived, even when all other parts of the eye and visual system are working perfectly. Types of refractive error: Myopia (short-sightedness) Hypermetropia (long-sightedness) Astigmatism Presbyopia Myopia HypermetropiaAstigmatism Treatment Glasses     COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

12. DIABETIC RETINOPATHIES Diabetic retinopathy is a condition in which the retina is damaged by high blood sugar levels (and their fluctuation) due to diabetes. It can cause reduced vision and, in its later stages, blindness What causes diabetic retinopathy? The basic cause of diabetic retinopathy is damage to the tiniest blood vessels of the retina, the capillaries, by the high and abnormally varying levels of blood sugar. The site of damage is mainly the lining or endothelial cells of these vessels. These cells are necessary for the normal functioning of the capillaries including actual blood flow. This damage causes three basic problems: Leakage from the capillaries. Poor blood circulation Growth of abnormal new vessels in the retina    COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

13. ARMD Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a medical condition which usually affects older adults and results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in “dry” and “wet” forms. It is a major cause of blindness and visual impairment in older adults (>50 years). Macular degeneration can make it difficult or impossible to read or recognize faces, although enough peripheral vision remains to allow other activities of daily life. Normal visionARMD Dry macular degeneration COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

14. VITREOUS FLOATERS Floaters are deposits of various size, shape, consistency, refractive index, and motility within the eye's vitreous humour. At a young age the vitreous is perfectly transparent. The common type of floater, which is present in most people's eyes, is due to degenerative changes of the vitreous humour. They are also called Muscae volitantes (from the Latin, meaning "flying flies"), can appear alone or together. They may appear as spots, threads, or fragments of cobwebs, which float slowly before the observer's eyes COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

15. LIFE STYLE AFFECTS VISION … Sunlight: Sunlight exposure is known to cause skin cancers and the eyelids can be affected in the same way as the rest of the body. UV light causes damage to cornea, early cataract formation and macular damage. Smoking: Smoking tobacco causes a great deal of disease. Many cancers, degenerative conditions and vascular diseases are caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. It is clear that macular degeneration occurs more frequently and more severely in cigarette smokers. Alcohol Addiction : Drinking Alcohol and sprits can result in permanent damage to optic nerve. Diet, Exercise and Body Weight: Being thin and fit, with plenty of exercise, promotes good health generally. It also helps to prevent high blood pressure, diabetes and it helps to promote good mental health and healthy eyes. COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY

16. IMPACT OF LIFE STYLE ON EYE ALIMENTS COMMON EYE AILMENTS VS ROAD SAFETY