1. Oil in the Middle East

2. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Meet regularly to decide how much oil to produce Goal is to increase profits and decrease the power of western oil companies

5. Oil Transforms the Region Fishing and Trading along the coasts Small towns in oases Herded camels, goats, sheep Houses made of sun dried bricks Enormous wealth Hospitals, schools, roads, airports, Desalination plants Infrastructure Urbanization Engineers, computer programmers, CEOs Economic diversification

9. Riyadh

10. Riyadh from up High

11. International Medical Center

13. Kingdom Schools

17. Importance of Oil Oil as source of conflict in Middle East Some governments have used oil revenues to build up military, maintain power, threaten neighbors Oil wealth has caused internal clashes within countries, societies Region’s strategic importance as source of oil has led outside nations to become involved in Middle Eastern affairs, politics

18. Chokepoints Strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic (especially oil). About 2/3 of oil trade moves by tankers. Suez Canal Strait of Hormuz Bab el Mandeb

19. Egypt, Iran, Iraq have seen growth of Islamism; has led to conflicts within society, government Some extremists have used violence to bring about changes, have attacked regional governments, their allies, innocent civilians Conflicts, Violence Movement to reorder government, society according to Islamic laws Islamists believe Muslim countries have strayed from true Islam, followed Western models of political, economic development Islamists Growth of Islamism

20. Different Kind of Conflict Different kind of conflict erupted in Iran Revolution ousted shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Society Changed By 1970s, Iran had changed from traditional rural society Had become more industrialized, urban society Westernization of Iran Shah had close ties with Western governments, oil companies Iran westernized, foreign influence grew Islamists Opposed Shah Many Iranians felt threatened by rapid change, others felt betrayed by corrupt government Islamists opposed shah because of ties to West Revolution in Iran

22. Rise of Khomeini 1978, Iranians began to protest against shah’s rule Protests inspired by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Shia religious leader 1979, unable to calm unrest, shah fled Iran Iran became Islamic republic with Khomeini as leader, during Iranian Revolution

23. 1979, Iranian revolutionaries seized U.S. embassy in Tehran, took 66 Americans hostage Iranians demanded shah be returned to Iran, stand trial Shah left U.S., but Iranians held hostages until January, 1981 American Hostages Under Khomeini, government suppressed political opposition, enforced strict social religious values Foreign policy strongly anti- Western, especially after shah went to U.S. for medical treatment Khomeini’s Reign

24. As Iran’s new government was dealing with the hostage crisis, it found itself at war with its neighbor, Iraq. 1980, Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes US backs and arms Iraq War long, costly; as many as 500,000 dead on both sides Iraq used chemical weapons 1988, both sides agreed to cease-fire Iran-Iraq War After cease-fire, Saddam Hussein continued to build up Iraq’s military; already had largest army in Arab world 1990, Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into Iraqi oil field, stealing oil Hussein used this as excuse to invade Kuwait Persian Gulf War Conflict in Iraq

25. Weapons After war, UN continued economic sanctions, insisted Iraq destroy chemical, biological weapons, agree not to develop nuclear weapons Inspectors had been sent to verify Iraq’s weapons had been destroyed Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors Sanctions In effort to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, UN passed economic sanctions against Iraq; sanctions failed Result: U.S.-led coalition launched Persian Gulf War Attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait; Kuwait freed within weeks

26. Gulf War I 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait Saddam Hussein declared Kuwait was part of Iraq and gained access to their oil War resulted in 1991 – the United Nations, lead by the United States, liberate Kuwait Oil Embargo results in the “Oil for Food Program”, which allowed Iraq to sell oil in exchange for food and medicine.

27. After the Gulf War After the war, the United Nations tells Iraq to disarm and destroy Weapons of Mass Destruction Saddam Hussein refuses UN Weapons Inspectors arrive, and Iraq does not allow the inspectors to inspect anything… this goes on for a while, and nobody forces Saddam to comply with the order.

28. Oil Will Not Last Forever Saudi Arabian & Kuwait: 50-60 years Qatar & Bahrain: 20-30 years Planning for the future by developing other industries.

29. Bahrain: International Banking Center Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE: steel and petrochemical industries

30. Tourism

34. Dubai World Islands

35. Red Sea Resort

37. War on Terror 3,000 American civilians murdered on September 11, 2001. Al-Qaeda terrorist group responsible. Attack planned by Osama Bin Laden. US gets immediate support from global allies War on Taliban government in Afghanistan for supporting Bin Laden - Taliban Falls In 2011, Bin Laden found and killed in Pakistan by US forces After 9/11, feelings of US patriotism intensified.

38. Gulf War II Operation: Iraqi Freedom After the 2001 attack, interest in Weapons of Mass Destruction intensifies. Remember: Iraq denied UN Weapon Inspectors Access. Bush Doctrine: US can attack a nation that is a threat, to prevent them from attacking the US. Bush argues Iraq is a threat because of Weapons of Mass Destruction Final Ultimatum March 18, 2003

39. Conflict begins March 19, 2003 “Shock & Awe” Bombing Campaign rains down on Iraq US and UK put troops on the ground and began the US-led occupation of Iraq. In 2005, Iraq elects their own leaders. Saddam tried and put to death in 2006. US leaves Iraq, December 2011.

40. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant The Islamic State is the latest and most powerful incarnation of what began as an al-Qaeda affiliate in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion. American forces spent years and enormous resources to bring the group largely to heel before US troops pulled out of the country in December of 2011. Since then, the region has been convulsed in political turmoil. The Islamic State has seized on those Sunni-Shiite tensions to help whip up its Sunni extremist followers.

41. ISIL fought as al Qaeda's Iraq branch against US forces during the years of American occupation in Iraq, but broke away from al Qaeda after joining the civil war in Syria. It now says the group founded by Osama bin Laden is not extreme enough “AP & Reuters” Nation wide survey 8th June 2014