2. DO NOW: As best you can, explain why we went to war with both Iraq and Afghanistan.

3. Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east quiz questions 1)Who created most of the borders and countries of the Middle East? a.France and England b.Jordan and Syria c.Saudi Arabia d.The United Nations e. The United States

4. Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east quiz questions 2) What language is spoken in Iran? 3) What year did the United States invade Iraq? What year did we invade Afghanistan?

5. Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east quiz questions 4) What is the most populous Islamic country in the world? a.Egypt b.Indonesia c.Iran d. Saudi Arabia

6. Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east quiz questions 5) Which of following is Iraq? 6) And Afghanistan? A BC D

7. Middle East Quick Quiz 7) Approximately how many Americans have died in the Iraq war? How many Iraqi civilians are estimated to have perished? 8) How many Americans died on 9/11?

8. Middle East Quick Quiz 9) How many coalition troops have died in Afghanistan? 10) How many Afghanistan Civilians?

9. Middle East Quick Quiz How much do you know about the middle east? 5 quiz questions Answers!! 1. A (France and Eng) 2. Farsi 3. 2003 (Iraq); 2001 (Afghanistan) 4. B (Indonesia196 million people) 5.B 6. D 7. American: 4486 (1-16-13)Troops; Between 104,594-114,260 Iraqi civilians. 8. 2,976

10. Answers 9) 3256 (2175 U.S. as of 1/16/13) 10) 137,000 (est.)

11. Who? Ethnic Groups A. Arab B. Kurd 2/3 of Iraq 1/4 of Iraq Own language & customs Kurds Brutally suppressed in Iraq Iraq Basics

12. Who? Religion A. Shiite B. Sunni 3/5 of the population 2/5th of population 90% of world’s Muslims Kurds C. Main differences: Sunni’s believed that after the death of Mohammed a new leader should be elected from those capable of the job. Shiites believed leadership should have passed directly to his cousin. Consequently both groups recognize different Imams or leaders. Iraq Basics

13. Iraqi History A. British Mandate B. British Backed Monarchy Post WWII British colony King chosen by England C. Dictatorships King Faisal I of Iraq Original caption: Death of King Faisal. Faisal, King of Iraq, whose sudden death is just announced. Image: © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS Date Photographed: ca. 1930 1958 Baath Revolution

14. AIM: Why did we go to war in Iraq and Afghanistan?

15. I. US Involvement in the Middle East United States foreign policy towards the middle east has been dictated or controlled by two primary factors in the second half of the 20th century: –#1. The United States has been a strong ally and supporter of Israel since its creation in 1948 and has supplied Israel with economic and military aid. –#2. The United States is deeply concerned with the region based on the amount of oil that exists there.

19. II. Iranian Revolution In 1979 the Iranian people overthrew the CIA sponsored leader of Iran (The Shah). The new Iranian Leader, Ayatollah required strict adherence to the Muslim religion. He encouraged Muslims to overthrow secular governments (governments not associated with religion) and establish Islamic republics. The new Iranian government was extremely hostile to the West banning books, music, and movies.

20. Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian Soldiers Q8 A theocracy is created!

21. The Fate of the Shah’s Generals

22. Iran Revolutionary Poster When the devil leaves, the angel returns!

23. American Embassy in Tehran Taken Over Q9

24. 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Days!

25. 52 American Hostages Released in Jan., 1981

26. The Khomeini Revolution

27. Political Cartoon Commentary The dictatorship is gone! Bring on the dictatorship!

28. Support for the Palestinian Cause The Ayatollah with Yasir Arafat. Funds Hamas and Hezbollah.

30. III. Iran-Iraq War In 1980 Iraq (lead by Saddam Hussein) invaded Iran following a long history of border disputes as well as a fear of Iran’s new leader Ayatollah Khomeini. Many of the tactics of the War were similar to WWI with trench warfare, manned machine gun post, bayonet charges, and the use of barbed wire.

31. Secretary Rumsfeld & Saddam Hussein: 1983

32. Iraqi Soldiers At the Front  375,000 Iraqi casualties & 60,000 POWs!

33. Iranian Soldiers Q11  Over 1,000,000 Iranian casualties!

34. IV. End of the War When it appeared that Iraq would lose the war the United States supplied Saddam with intelligence, economic and military aid. Why? Reagan: “the United States can not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran.” The war ended in 1988 with a UN brokered peace deal. After 8 years of fighting and over a million deaths.

35. Saddam Hussein Both the Gulf war and the War in Iraq have been complicated by the Unites States relationship with Saddam Hussein.

37. A Young Saddam Hussein Saddam’s identity card when he was 10 years old.  Born in Tikrit.  Peasant family with influential army relatives.  Tribal society.  Joined Baath Party at 20.  Aided in failed assassination of Qasim in 1959.

38. Saddam’s Early Political Career Saddam at 17.  After 1963 coup, he was put in charge of the security service for the Baath party.  1979  he became president of Iraq when al-Bakr was persuaded to step down.

39. A Cult of Personality

40. 1989 Victory Arch

41. V. Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein was a ruthless and brutal dictator. He used chemical weapons against Iran during the Iran Iraq war. Saddam also famously gassed the Kurdish population of Iraq living in Halabja as revenge for helping Iranians in 1988. He was a power hungry individual

42. Gassing the Kurds

43. A Reign of Terror: Mass Graves of Saddam’s Victims

44. VI. Bush #1 George H. Bush served as Reagan’s vice president. He was elected in 1988 (The same year the Iran-Iraq war ended.) Biggest issues of the Bush years: Budget, events abroad, and the economy.

46. VII. The Persian Gulf War In 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing its oil and seized its oil fields. The US viewed this action as a threat to Saudi Arabia and to the flow of oil. This would give Saddam control of nearly 20% of the worlds oil supply. When Iraq refused to withdraw from Kuwait the UN authorized a joint military buildup in Saudi Arabia. Saddam had been an important ally of the United States…

47. Iraq Invades Kuwait UN Security Council Resolution 678 (authorized military force to be used against Iraq.) August 2, 1990

48. Operation Desert Storm By late fall of 1990 700,000 troops had assembled in Saudi Arabia Coalition forces launched operation “desert storm.” This operation consisted of a deadly 5 week bombing campaign of Iraqi troops followed by a short 5 day ground war that removed Saddam from Kuwait.

49. U. S. Military Leaders General Colin Powell General Norman Schwarzkopf

50. Range of Iraqi Missiles

51. Saddam Lobs SCUD Missiles Israel & Saudi Arabia: The fear of bio-chemical attacks.

52. President George H. W. Bush with General Schwartzkopf

53. Kuwait is Liberated

54. Allies March to Baghdad Iraqis cheer Allied forces. Iraqis soldiers surrender.

55. “Highway of Death”

56. 400 Iraqi Oilfields on Fire An environmental disaster!

57. Important Aspects Persian Gulf War was backed by a UN resolution and significant financial and military aid from numerous countries. The United States had the support of numerous Arab countries. Saddam Hussein was left in power after the Gulf War as president Bush decided only to enact terms of the UN resolution requiring Saddam to leave Kuwait.

58. U. N. No-Fly Zones

59. 9/11 On September 11th 2001 Al-Qaeda terrorists orchestrated an attack on the world trade center, the Pentagon and Pen. This attack was met with confusion, anger and outrage by the American public. It led to a major shift in American Foreign policy.

60. “Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, and our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts…Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror…These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed…Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve”- President George W. Bush. September 11th 2001

63. Afghanistan Shortly after 9/11 US officials claimed they had evidence linking Osama bin Laden, the head of the Al Qaeda terrorist network, to Afghanistan. They demanded that the Taliban (Sunni rulers of Afghanistan) hand him over. On October 7th (Less than one month after 9/11) the United States and NATO attacked Afghanistan in an effort to dispose the Taliban and capture Osama bin Laden.

64. IRAQ By January of 2003 focus had shifted towards Iraq… In his 2003 State of the Union Speech Bush laid out the United States case against Saddam…

65. Activity 2003 State of the Union Address. Read the state of the Union and answer the questions!

66. Homework American Foreign Policy: THE BUSH DOCTRINE

67. IV. Main Reasons for Going to War Against Saddam (according to the U. S. and Britain)  #1. Saddam Possesses WMDs  Weapons of Mass Destruction. (He kicked out UN weapons inspectors)  #2. Saddam Hussein harbored (sheltered) terrorists and supported others abroad.  #3. Saddam Hussein was actively seeking Nuclear capability.  #4. Saddam was a ruthless and brutal dictator guilty of numerous human rights violations

68. United Streaming Naming the Nightmare-journey back from 9/11…

69. Internal Debate To this day many Americans protest United States presence in the Middle East. Why?

70. Anti-War Protestors

71. The Road to War UN Resolution 1441 Before the war the United States sought UN approval in pressuring Iraq. Resolution 1441 (Nov. ‘02): Offered Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations," or face “serious consequences.”

72. The Case Before The UN Colin Powell argued the United States case for war before the United Nations on February 5th 2003. "I can trace the story of a senior terrorist operative telling how Iraq provided training in these weapons to al-Qaeda." He was unable to convince the UN to pass a new resolution. Clip Powell argues Clip.

73. Unilateral Action The UN refused to enforce a new resolution against Iraq or support a US attack. The United States decides that Iraq had failed to live up to UN resolution 1441 and decided to act Unilaterally against Iraq. Unilateral Action: Action initiated or taken by a singly nation.

74. The Eve of War Bush addresses the nation on the eve of war and says, "Should Saddam Hussein choose confrontation, the American people can know that every measure has been taken to avoid war, and every measure will be taken to win it." He gives Saddam and his sons 48 hours to leave Iraq or face military action. The United States, along with the “coalition of the willing” attacks on March 20th 2003 (Significant allies: Britain and Spain)

75. Iraq War Resolution Bush is able to go to war without the a formal declaration of war based on the “Iraq War Resolution.” In October of 2002 Congress adopted a joint resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq. Gave the president authority to take preemptive, unilateral military action against Iraq, when and how he deemed necessary. Reasons: WMDs, Brutal Repression of people, Members of Al-Qaeda, Efforts to fight terrorism.

76. “Shock & Awe!” Coalition forces attack Baghdad (again).

77. Operation Iraqi Freedom Baghdad falls April 9th Operation Iraqi Freedom Baghdad falls April 9th

78. The Dictator is “Toppled”

79. “Mission Accomplished” President George W. Bush lands on board the USS Abraham Lincoln (May, 2003) President George W. Bush lands on board the USS Abraham Lincoln (May, 2003)

80. Saddam Is Captured! December, 2003

81. The American Soldier: 2003

82. Why did we go to war again? After the War it became increasingly apparent that the United States had operated on faulty intelligence. Accusations began to be made that the Bush administration had “lied” to the American people and manipulated 9-11 to get the public behind the war.

83. Reason #1: WMDs The United States claimed Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. CIA 2004 report: Saddam Hussein did not possess stockpiles of illicit weapons at the time of the U.S. invasion in March 2003 and had not begun any program to produce them.

84. Reason #2: Harbored Terrorists The United States claimed that Hussein Sheltered Al-Qaida terrorists. 2004 9/11 commission report: there is no evidence that Saddam and Al-Qaida had a collaborative operational relationship, and they did not cooperate to commit terrorist attacks against the United States. "We've never been able to confirm any connection between Iraq and 9/11.” -Vice President Cheney

85. Reason #3 Iraq was actively seeking nuclear capability. The original intelligence reports about Iraq seeking Nigerian Uranium were based on documents that were shown after Bush's speech to be forgeries.

86. Reason #4 It was proved that Saddam Hussein was in fact a brutal dictator after many many mass graves were discovered all over Iraq

87. Clarifying the Issues It is the duty of America to free the Iraqi people. Regardless of false information, the mission, at its core is a good one. The Iraqi people see us as liberators. This war is necessary to ensure our safety and the safety of the world. America is acting out of its own self-interest and fighting a war for oil. The war is built on lies made up by the Bush administration as an excuse to attack Iraq. The Iraqi people see us as imperialists, profiting off of their pain. This war does not make us safer, and only creates more fear and hate. War BadWar Good

88. The effects Regardless of what you believe the real price of this war is paid by American service men and women and by the people of Iraq.

89. Aprox. 4486 (1/16/13) American Casualties so far with aprox. 33,000 wounded Source: icasualties.org

90. 33,000+ Americans Wounded

91. 104,594-114,260? Iraqis Dead! Source: iraqbodycount.ogr As of 1/12/12

92. ? Iraqis Wounded!

93. Dec 31 st 2011 As of 12/31/11 the U.S. formally ended operations in Iraq. Security of Iraq is now turned over to the Iraqi people.

94. Why Did Iraq Not re-sign the U.S. partnership? Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse U.S. Contractor crimes/abuse of power U.S. Troop accused of civilian murders (some have been convicted) Lack of rebuilding Iraqi infrastructure that was destroyed –Iraqis living in Bagdad still do not have power all day. Civilian killed by accident or mistake

95. Iraq’s biggest challenge will be: –Security –Stopping/ controlling sectarian violence –Stability within their govt, end distrust

96. Now, why are we at war in Afghanistan?

97. Let’s start with the Taliban and Al Qaeda This may get confusing…. The Taliban took control of Afg. after the USSR pulled out (Afg was USSR’s Vietnam)

98. Are you confused…. Long story short, there was a power vacuum with a lot of groups competing for power… Taliban won due to Pakistan support…Pak and Afg hate each other due to boarder dispute and tribal issues such as the Pashtun’s….who occupy both side of the Afg /Pak boarder…plus they don’t recognize “govt” on either side rather tribal leaders…Oh… and the US funded anti-USSR groups w/in Af who later would end up fighting us later…

99. Confused yet? Also anti-Pak & anti Afg factions within each co leads to more distrust…did I mention that the boarder between Afg & Pak is some of the most hard core terrain in the world…for realz…so Anti Af within Pak was able to supply Taliban with $ and weapons…Oh & Pak has a boarder dispute with India, another neighbor…remember Gandhi…yeah so they feel a lot of pressure… much like a dude wanting to ask a lady to prom…That sums it up yo

100. Wow! That was legit info Now, what’s the deal w/Taliban? The Taliban ran Af with an extreme version of Islamic law that was very controversial w/in Middle East –Oppress woman…no ed or rights –No music other than traditional –Limit technology –Extreme consequences for breaking laws…stoneing, cutting parts off –Rule by fear

101. So why do we care in US? Well…the Taliban supported extremist groups such and Al Qaeda

102. OK…what’s the deal with Al Qaeda Very well funded terrorist network Believes the “West” (US, Euro, Capitalist world) are corrupt, self centered & have lost touch with God Wants Western influence out of Mid E. Also not happy US/UN came to aid of Kuwait they volunteered

103. So they pulled off 911, but what else 1992- attempt to kill US troops helping with famine relief 1993 World Trade Center bombing #1 1996 failed attempt to assas Clinton by minutes

104. 1998 bombing of US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya (300 killed) –Clinton sent missiles to kill Bin Laden but missed by minutes 2000 bombing of USS Cole in Yemen 17 killed 2001 WTC

105. U.S. is not the only focus 2002 Bali-202 2003 Turkey-67 Killed 2004 Philippines-ferry 116 Killed 2004 Spain-train (911 days after 911) 2005 London 56 Killed (bus) Many more failed

106. After 911 U.S. & World Focused on Al Qaeda