1. SEROLOGY & BLOOD EVIDENCE UNIT 4

2. IN THIS UNIT…. SEROLOGY COMPOSITION OF BLOOD BLOOD EVIDENCE BLOOD SAMPLES: BLOOD DROPLETS: BLOOD SPLATTER:

3. WHAT MAKES UP OUR BLOOD CELLS

4. FACTS ABOUT BLOOD AVERAGE ADULT HAS ABOUT _______ LITERS OF BLOOD INSIDE OF THEIR BODY BLOOD IS A LIVING TISSUE THAT CARRIES OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO ALL PARTS OF THE BODY 1 BILLION RBC’S IN 2-3 DROPS OF BLOOD BLOOD IS INHERITED.

5. BLOOD TYPING

6. OTHER THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT BLOOD RHESUS MONKEYS RH FACTOR YES FOR PROTEIN = RH + NO FOR PROTEIN = RH – RH + = CAN RECEIVE + OR - RH - = CAN ONLY RECEIVE -

7. FORENSIC SCIENCE BLOOD TYPING LAB ACTIVITY T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/ BLOOD AS EVIDENCE USING BLOOD SAMPLES

8. We will be determining blood types using Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum, and Anti-RH serum. Use the chart to help you determine the blood type of each sample and its Rh factor (+ or -). Clumping = + (Positive) No Clumping = - (Negative) DIRECTIONS: Step 1: Label the three cups in your kit as Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-Rh. Step 2: Place 20 drops of the blood sample in each cup. Step 3: Place 10 drops of the anti-A serum in the A cup. Step 4: Place 10 drops of the anti-B serum in the B cup. Step 5: Place 10 drops of the anti-Rh serum in the Rh cup. Step 6: Use a clean toothpick for each sample and stir for 30 seconds. BLOOD TYPING TEST Rh Serum - Clumping = Rh+ blood Type Reaction w/ Anti-A Serum Reaction w/ Anti-B Serum A +- B -+ AB ++ O --

9. Step 7: Record your observations in the correct section on the back of the page and use the reaction chart at the top of this page to determine the blood type. Step 8: Complete the other sections using information from your classmates. Agglutination = Clumping = Positive Reaction Clumping = Positive Result A B Rh What is this person’s blood type? Answer: A+ Rh Serum - Clumping = Rh+ blood Type Reaction w/ Anti-A Serum Reaction w/ Anti-B Serum A +- B -+ AB ++ O --

10. What do your results show? What would you do next in the investigation? Conclusion - = No clumping + = Clumping Results Use + or – to show the test results for each sample and then determine the blood type.

11. DO NOW QUESTIONS TO GET US STARTED LAST TIME WE TALKED ABOUT BLOOD SAMPLES AND THE SIMPLE WAYS TO TELL THAT BLOOD BELONGS TO A CERTAIN PERSON. 1. WHAT ARE RBC’S? LIST TWO FACTS ABOUT RBC’S. 2. WHAT ARE THE OTHER COMPONENTS IN BLOOD? 3. WHO IS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR? 4. WHO IS THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT? 5. WHAT IS THE RH FACTOR?

12. IS IT BLOOD? LIGHTING PRESUMPTIVE TESTS KASTLE-MEYER TEST: HEMASTIX: LUMINOL: FLUORESCEIN: LCV: Luminol Reaction

13. BLOOD AS EVIDENCE What can an investigator learn from the analysis of a blood spatter?  Type and velocity of weapon  Number of blows  Handedness of assailant (right or left-handed)  Position and movements of the victim and assailant during and after the attack  Which wounds were inflicted first  Type of injuries  How long ago the crime was committed  Whether death was immediate or delayed

14. Blood as Evidence Blood is a liquid tissue as long as it is enclosed within the body Once it leaves, it clots or gels First few minutes, blood is still liquid Less than 1 hour, blood is shiny and gelatinous Several hours, Blood separated into clot and serum Blood is viscous Blood has surface tension properties It sticks to itself, and other surfaces, and forms characteristics shapes

15. Blood Pattern Analysis Bloodstains are classified into three basic types: Passive stains Transfer stains Projected/impact

16. Passive Blood Stains Patterns created from the force of gravity Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc. Blood trickles downwards Blood drops grow until Wt (G) > S.T. Single drop breaks free (teardrop shape) Surface tension pulls in vertically And horizontally Shape settles into sphere (0.05 ml) Does not break up until impact

17. Shape & Size of Bloodspot Depends mostly on nature of target surface –texture (rough or smooth) –porous or non porous Size is related to distance fallen There is little change in spot diameter beyond a fall distance of 1.2 m or 7 ft.

18. BLOOD EVIDENCE TERMS Spatter – Bloodstains created from the application of force to the area where the blood originated. Origin/Source – The place from where the blood spatter came from or originated. Angle of Impact – The angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface. Parent Drop – The droplet from which a satellite spatter originates. Satellite Spatters – Small drops of blood that break of from the parent spatter when the blood droplet hits a surface. Spines – The pointed edges of a stain that radiate out from the spatter; can help determine the direction from which the blood traveled. Parent Drop Spines Satellite Spatters

19. Blood Spatter Labs You will be creating sample drop patterns using single drops and multiple drops. We will also investigate the effect of motion and the angle of impact on blood spatter. This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the paper and not on yourself, the table, or floor. Hold you hand as steady as possible when making the drops. Brace your wrist against the meter stick to help you. Get your materials from your teacher – paper, black marker, meter stick, goggles, and a bottle of blood. If you make a mess, clean it up immediately!

20. Lab 1: Single Droplets 2550 Single Drops Group Members 75100 Single Drops Group Members Label two large pieces of construction paper as shown below. To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. It should NOT hit the meterstick. Repeat TWO more times at this height for a total of three drops. Continue making drops of blood on your paper, but put the drop in a different area of the paper and change the height each time. When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Make a mistake? Use a paper towel to wipe it off your paper! Or get a new paper! Keep your drops in the correct area of the paper.

21. Lab 2: Multiple Droplets Label a long piece of butcher paper (2 -3 meters in length) as shown below. To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. The drop should NOT hit the meterstick. Without moving your hand, release ONE more drop onto the first drop at that height. If you make a mistake, wipe it off with a paper towel and try it again. Continue making drops of blood on your paper so you have three sets for each height. When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Multiple Drops Group Members 255075100 Keep your drops in the correct area of the paper.

22. Lab 3: Motion Droplets During this lab, you will see how motion affects the size and shape of the droplets and spines. You will need a long piece of butcher paper (4-5 meters in length) and tape to secure it to the floor. You will also need safety goggles. To do the lab, you will need to hold the dropper bottle upside down so that your hand is out and away from your body (waist level), but is still over the paper. Start off walking at a SLOW WALKING RATE along the paper strip from one end to the other and GENTLY squeeze the bottle as you walk so that blood is released ONE DROP at a time. Be sure that all the drops land on your paper strip. Repeat this procedure using a NORMAL WALKING RATE and a FAST WALKING RATE. Walking Direction When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Miss the paper? Use a paper towel to wipe it off the floor!

23. You will be creating sample drop patterns created by droplets landing at different angles from the same height. Label five pieces of copy paper with your names and then indicate the angle for each droplet - 15 o, 30 o, 45 o, 60 o, or 75 o. Place the first piece of paper on the clip board and align the clipboard with the 15 o line. Hold the bottle of blood at a height of 50 centimeters from the top of the table. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands on the paper. Repeat two more times at this angle. Continue testing by dropping blood from a height of 50 centimeters at each of the other angles. Lab 4: Angle of Impact When you are done, answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Angle Guide Clipboard & Paper Height of 50 cm

24. ANGLE OF IMPACT Direction: The "tail" points to the direction the blood drop was traveling. Angle of Impact: The steeper the impact, the more elliptical or elongated, the blood drop The angle of Impact can be calculated by measuring the width and length of the spatter, and then dividing the width by the length (as shown) When calculating the angle of impact, do not measure the “tail” – it is a secondary force or event. Measure the width and the length of the stain/spatter sine= width = 9mm length = 18mm Always divide the smaller number by the larger number Always want a number less than one Arcsine 0.500 = 30 degree angle of impact

25. TRANSFER BLOODSTAINS These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object comes in contact with a target surface (secondary surface); may be used to identify an object or body part. A recognizable image of all or a portion of the original surface may be observed in the pattern. Examples: bloody hand or footwear. A wipe pattern is created from an object moving through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created from an object leaving a bloodstain.

26. TRANSFER VS SPATTER The simplest type of blood spatter analysis is determining spatters from transfers. Spatters are created when blood is acted upon by force, and travels through the air before landing on a target surface. Transfers occur when a blood source comes in direct contact with a target surface area

27. Projected Bloodstains –Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the source of the blood –Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, cast-off, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of the nose, mouth, or wound. LOW FORCE (passive blood evidence) Free falling blood has a terminal velocity of 20 to 25 feet per second

28. MEDIUM FORCE Produced with more energy or force than gravity The force of the impact causes the blood to break into smaller size spatters relative to the amount of force This type of spatter is usually seen in blunt force, stabbings, and secondary spatters Produced when the majority of larger drops of blood are broken into smaller spatters with diameters of 2 – 4 mm The force associated with this type of spatter is greater than 25 ft per second

29. HIGH FORCE Impact spatter that measures less than 2mm in diameter The force necessary to produce this size spatter is greater than 100 ft per second This type of spatter is usually associated with gunshots, explosions, and high speed collisions High Force Impact Spatter takes on a "mist like" appearance

30. BACK SPATTER When a bullet strikes a target, some high force impact spatter may be directed back toward the gun that fired the shot. This is known as "back spatter" If the bullet exits its target, a larger amount of high force impact spatter may be directed in the same direction as the bullet. This is known as "forward spatter". The amount of high force impact spatter created will depend upon the size or caliber of the bullet fired, as well as the distance from the gun to the target. The larger the bullet, or projectile, the greater the spatter. The closer to the target that the gun is fired... the great the spatter.