1. Pidgin and Creole Languages 22.03.2015

2. When people from different countries with different languages meet and try to communicate what should they do? 1. Use a language they all know (Lingua Franca) 2. Mix their languages (Pidgin/ Creole)

3. Pidgins and Creoles: Definitions A PIDGIN is a language with no native speakers: it is no one’s first language - contact language. - product of a multilingual situation in which those who wish to communicate must find or improvise a simple language system. - sometimes there’s imbalance of power among the languages (economically and socially)/ sometimes a ‘reduced’ variety of a ‘normal’ language (simplified grammar and vocabulary, considerable phonological variation) - at least three languages involved - examples: Pidgin Chinese English, Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea), pidgin German of the Gastarbeiters (workers from Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal) A pidgin is a reduced language that results from extended contact between groups of people with no language in common; it evolves when they need some means of verbal communication, perhaps for trade, but no group learns the native language of any other group for social reasons that may include lack of trust or of close contact. (Holm, 1988: 4-5)

4. -De Camp (1977): clear-cut example >>> Juba Arabic in southern Sudan is a pidgin – not a native language of any of its speakers but functions as an auxiliary interlingua – 100 years old language – limited to the needs of trade + supplemented with vocabulary from normal Arabic. It has very simple sound system and has almost entirely eliminated the complicated morphology of Arabic. Though it is easier for an Arabic person to learn it than for an English speaker, it does require learning and cannot be just improvised. -If one group speaks a prestigious language and the others vernacular-the prestige language tends to supply more of the vocabulary, while vernacular languages have more influence on the grammar -The language which supplies most of the vocabulary is known as the LEXIFIER (or superstrate) while the languages which influence the grammatical structure are called the SUBSTRATE

5. Baby-talk? Example: Young visitor to Papua New Guinea When I first heard Pidgin English I just thought it was baby-talk. I thought anyone can do that. It had words like liklik for ‘little’ and ‘cranky’ for wrong and nogut for ‘bad’. It just made me laugh. Then I began to realize it wasn’t as easy as I’d thought. People kept correcting me when I tried, and they got annoyed if I didn’t take it seriously. I soon learned better.

6. Example: A Papua New Guinean stumbled against a white woman coming out of the theatre. When questioned about what had happened, the Papua New Guinean replied: ‘Mi putim han long baksait bilong misis’ (I touched the woman’s back with my hand’). As Suzanne Romaine reports: ‘The answer cost him half a tooth, his job, and three months in prison, due to the confusion between the meaning of Tok Pisin baksait meaning ‘back’, and English ‘backside’. Three identifying characteristics: 1.It is used in restricted domains and functions 2.It has a simplified structure compared to source languages 3.It generally has low prestige and attracts negative attitudes- especially from outsiders. (watch trailer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7X9AAeDCr4)

7.  Pidgins often have a short life. In Vietnam a pidgin English developed for use between the American troops and the Vietnamese, but it soon died out. Exercise: Can you guess which European languages have contributed to the vocabulary of the languages illustrated in the following sentences? a) Mō pe aste sa banan I am buying the banana Seychelles Creole: French based (French is the lexifier language) b) De bin alde luk dat big trithey always looked for a big tree Roper River Creole: English-based (lexifier) c) Olmaan I kas-im chekthe old man is cashing a cheque Cape York Creole: English-based (lexifier) d) Ja fruher wir bleibenyes at first we remained Papua New Guinea Pidgin German: German-based (lexifier) e) Dis smol swain I bin go fo maketthis little pig went to market Cameroon Pidgin: English-based (lexifier)

8. A CREOLE is a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers - Creoles arise when pidgins become mother tongues (Aitchison, 1994: 3177) -A creole is a pidgin which has expanded in structure and vocabulary to express the range of meanings and serve the range of functions required of a first language (Holmes, 1992: 95) -Tok Pisin and some west African pidgins like Nigerian Pidgin exist both as pidgins and creoles -Pidginization involves simplification of language (reduction in morphology, syntax, tolerance of phonological variation, reduction in the number of functions, extensive borrowing of words) -Creolization involves expansion of the morphology and syntax (structural regularity), regularization of phonology, increase of functions in which the language is used, increase in vocabulary -De Camp (1977): clear-cut examples >>> the vernacular language of Haiti is a creole – native language of all Haitians (standard French is spoken and is official) – extensive vocabulary and complex grammatical system (its vocabulary is largely French, grammatical structure is mixed Spanish, Portuguese, English)

9. Example and exercise: Australian Roper River Creole a)im megim ginuhe makes a canoe [present tense] b)im bin megim ginuhe made a canoe [past tense] c)im megimbad ginuhe is making a canoe [present continuous tense] d)im bin megimbad ginuhe was making a canoe [past continuous tense] Can you work out how the past tense and the continuous aspect are expressed? Example and exercise: Tok Pisin forms (Tok Masta – a term used to describe the attempt which certain Anglophones make to speak Tok Pisin)

10. Exercise: Can you work out the patterns and fill in the gaps in the following list? Tok PisinEnglish grasgrass mausgrasmoustache gras bilong fesbeard gras bilong hed_______ gras antap long aieyebrow gras nogutweed pisin bird gras bilong pisin________ gras bilong dog________ gras bilong pusi________ hanhand han bilong pisinwing of a bird  Hair/ feather/ dog’s fur/ cat’s fur

11. Pidgin and creole languages – mainly in the equatorial belt around the world, usually in places with direct and easy access to the oceans. Mainly in the Caribbean and around the north and east coasts of Africa, particularly the west coast and across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. -127 pidgins and creoles (35 are English-based, 15 are French-based, 14 Portuguese-based, 7 are Spanish- based, 7 Spanish-based, 5 Dutch-based, 3 Italian-based, 6 German-based etc.)