1. P REHISTORIC ART Prehistory is the period of human history that preceded written record. Therefore, prehistoric art precedes written records which is problematic. The art has been greatly affected by climate change. Predominantly the art was seen in practical and ritual objects.

2. P REHISTORIC ART CONTINUED … The oldest objects are African and Asian. Art is concerned with cosmic phenomena as well as every day concerns. Human behavior is charted in the earliest art works. Ceramics were first produced in Asia. The people of the Pacific were migrants from Asia, and they will take ceramic making techniques with them. European cave paintings denote a strong tradition of rituals. Early American objects were made of natural materials, like bone or clay, to create ritual objects.

3. P REHISTORIC ART CONTINUED … Interdisciplinary cooperation is necessary to understand the art. Scientific dating of objects has shed light upon the uses of prehistoric objects. Archaeology is essential to discovering and understanding the uses for prehistoric art. Historians are also able to help discern what, how, and why art was produced in prehistoric times.

4. P REHISTORIC ART CONTINUED … Although prehistoric peoples did not read or write, it is a mistake to think of them as primitive, ignorant, or even nontechnological. (Stonehenge) Archaeologists divide the prehistoric era into periods. The two most relevant for APAH are: A) Paleolithic (Old Stone Age): hunter-gatherers; nomadic B) Neolithic (New Stone Age): cultivated land and livestock; lived in organized settlements; divided labor into occupations; constructed the first homes

5. P REHISTORIC ART CONTINUED … Even before people could read or write, they felt a need to create! Unfortunately, our understandings of their art is all speculation. However, all art has a function; they are not only for amusement or decoration. There is a purpose, and we will do our best to find it.

6. P REHISTORIC PAINTING What remains largely exists in caves and is recessed far from any openings. Animal images outlined in black dominate the scenes. Images do not seem to placed in context to one another and do not seem to have any relationship. Animals are more realistic than humans. While animals have contours and are attempted to be shone in 3-D, humans are often stick figures with little anatomical detail. Handprints in the negative abound. Mostly left hands were painted, and some are missing joints and/or fingers which suggests that voluntary mutilation was practiced. However, the thumb is always represented intact, probably because it is the most essential.

7. R UNNING HORNED WOMAN - C2 F 2 O NE MORE TIME (*IS)

8. *R EMEMBER YOU NEED 3 IDENTIFIERS 6,000-4,000 BCE Pigment on rock Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria More than 15,000 drawings/engravings found at this site At one time, the area was grasslands, but climate changes have turned it into a desert. Some drawings are naturalistic, some abstract, and they vary in ethnicities Depicts livestock, wildlife, and humans Composite view of the body Dots may reflect body paint applied for ritual The entire site was probably painted by many different groups over many centuries.

9. T HE G REAT HALL OF THE BULLS (IS) Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near Dordogne. They contain some of the best-known Paleolithic art. They primarily consist of images of large animals, most of which are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. On September 12, 1940, the entrance to Lascaux Cave was discovered by 18-year-old Marcel Ravidat. Ravidat returned to the scene with three friends, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas, and entered the cave via a long shaft. The teenagers discovered that the cave walls were covered with depictions of animals. The cave complex was opened to the public in 1948. By 1955, the carbon dioxide, heat, humidity, and other contaminants produced by 1,200 visitors per day had visibly damaged the paintings and introduced lichen on the walls. The cave was closed to the public in 1963 to preserve the art. After the cave was closed, the paintings were restored to their original state and were monitored daily. Rooms in the cave include the Hall of the Bulls, the Passageway, the Shaft, the Nave, the Apse, and the Chamber of Felines. Lacaux II opened to the public in 1983- 200 meters away. https://vimeo.com/40849516

10. T HE G REAT HALL OF THE BULLS (IS) 15,000-13,000 BCE 650 Paintings in total Evidence of scaffolding o get to higher areas Caves were not dwellings- remember, people were nomadic-, but there is evidence that mouths of caves served as temporary shelter Paint bound with animal fat; flat stones served as palettes Theories: Successful hunt; ancestral animal worship; Shamanism

11. P REHISTORIC PAINTING CONTINUED 4200-3500 BCE Terra-cotta Louvre, France Found with baskets, bowls, and metallic items Use of potter’s wheel- advanced! Frieze of stylized aquatic birds on top; below stylized running dogs with long narrow bodies Oversized horns- abstract motif Clan symbol in middle Perhaps the deceased belongs to particular group or family Made in Susa, SW Iran https://www.khanacademy.org/hum anities/prehistoric-art/neolithic- art/v/susa-ibex

12. P OWER S KETCH FOLLOWED BY DISCUSSION ( BRIEF C2F2 BASED UPON SCHEMA )

13. P REHISTORIC SCULPTURE Portable Much is very small Most have enlarged, over- emphasized sexual organs while hands and feet are small. Carvings on cave walls utilized natural contours to enhance the image. Rarely, artists sculpted from clay, and the art would stand against a slanted surface. Bone, sandstone, and other stones were commonly used. Ceramics were common.

14. T LATILCO F EMALE FIGURINES (*IS) Central Mexico, site of Tlatilco 1200-900 BCE Ceramic Tlatilco noted for pottery Many shapes and forms: men, women, couples, children playing, animals, imaginary creatures Female figures had great detail: hair styles, clothing, body ornaments Many show deformities: Siamese twins and/or stillbirths Bifacial images perhaps show congenital defects May have shamanistic function No clothing but jewelry on the form. https://www.khanacademy.org/hum anities/art-americas/early- cultures/tlatilco/a/tlatilco-figurineswww.khanacademy.org/hum anities/art-americas/early- cultures/tlatilco/a/tlatilco-figurines

15. A TTRIBUTION (CS)

16. C OMPARE ( C 2 F 2) Apollo 11 stones The Great hall of the bulls

17. A POLLO 11 S TONES (IS) What remains largely exists in caves and is recessed far from any openings. Animal images outlined in black dominate the scenes. Images do not seem to placed in context to one another and do not seem to have any relationship. Animals are more realistic than humans. While animals have contours and are attempted to be shone in 3-D, humans are often stick figures with little anatomical detail. C. 25,500- 25, 300 BCE While it is not possible to learn the actual date of the fragments, it is possible to estimate when the rocks were buried by radiocarbon dating the archaeological layer in which they were found. Charcoal on stone State Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, and Namibia Some of the oldest works of art found in the Wonderwerk Cave in Namibia Profile of an animal Several stone fragments found Named after the Apollo 11 moon landing because it coincided with the cave’s discovery Genetic and fossil evidence tells us that Homo sapiens (anatomically modern humans who evolved from an earlier species of hominids) developed on the continent of Africa more than 100,000 years ago and spread throughout the world. Believed that art too began in Africa. Some prehistoric painting reminders… Apollo 11 Stones (IS)

18. C AMELID S ACRUM Portable Much is very small Carvings on cave walls utilized natural contours to enhance the image. Rarely, artists sculpted from clay, and the art would stand against a slanted surface. Bone, sandstone, and other stones were commonly used. Ceramics were common. Prehistoric Sculpting Basics *IS

19. C AMELID SACRUM IN THE SHAPE OF A CANINE 14,00-7,000 BCE Bone National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico From Tequixquiac, Mexico Sacrum is the triangular bone at the base of a spine; bone has been worked to create the image of a dog or wolf One natural form used to create another- mammal’s skull Mesoamerican’s viewed the sacrum as a second skull. Discovered in 1870.

20. C AMELID SACRUM IN THE SHAPE OF A CANINE “Fun” video- APAH students from last year: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQm4MLy2ET 4

21. A NTHROPOMORPHIC S TELE *IS While today Saudi Arabia is known for its desert sands and oil reserves, in prehistoric times the environment and landscape were dramatically different— more fertile and lush, and readily accessible to humans. Found in a small village near Ha’il in northwest Saudi Arabia, this anthropomorphic (human-like) stele was one of three discovered in the region. The trio join a corpus of more than sixty low- relief sculptures in human form dating to the fourth millennium B.C.E. and discovered across the Arabian Peninsula in the last four decades. Despite the vast territory in which they were found (some 2,300 kilometers, stretching from Jordan in the north to Yemen in the south) these stelae (the plural of stele or in Latin, stela) share certain features and characteristics. How can this be? Low-relief: Sculptural relief that projects very little from the background. Also called bas-relief,

22. A NTHROPOMORPHIC S TELE *IS Fourth millennium BCE Sandstone Pergamon Museum, Berlin One of the earliest known works of art from Arabia Religious or burial purpose Belted robe from which hangs a double bladed knife or sword Resembles human form but is not in itself human

23. J ADE CONG (*IS) https://www.khanacad emy.org/test-prep/ap- art-history/global- prehistory- ap/paleolithic- mesolithic- neolithic/v/jade-cong

24. J ADE CONG FROM LIANGZHU, CHINA (*IS) C. 3,300-2,200 BCE Made in the Neolithic era in China. Jade Zhejiang Institute of Archaeology, Hangzhou Circular hole placed within a square Abstract designs; main decoration is a face pattern- perhaps spirits or deities Four corners usually carry mask-like images with pronounced mouth and fangs Jade is used in burials of high-ranking people Jade religious objects often found in tombs because they were interred with the deceased in elaborate rituals. Some jade objects were broken or found deliberately burned. The Chinese linked jade with virtues: durability, subtlety, beauty

25. T HE AMBUM STONE FROM PAPUA, NEW GUINEA (*IS) Attribution: Prehistoric? Why? Why not?

26. T HE AMBUM STONE FROM PAPUA, NEW GUINEA (*IS) C. 1500 BCE Greywacke National Gallery of Australia, Camberra Stone Age work- (of course ) Composite animal/human figure; perhaps an anteater with a human body Anteaters are significant because of their fat deposits Theories: masked human; anteater embryo in fetal position; may have been a pestle; perhaps a ritual purpose- considered sacred.

27. T ERRA C OTTA FRAGMENT (*IS0 1000 BCE Solomon Islands University of Auckland, New Zealand Lapita culture known for pottery. Characteristic use of stamped, curved patterns: dots, circles, hatching Used a comb-like tool to stamp patterns. One of the oldest human faces in art.

28. COMPARE 2 OF TODAY ’ S WORKS (GO)

29. P REHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Shelters were constructed from large animal bones typically heaped to form a semicircular hut. The most famous structures were not for habitation but for rituals. Those built for ritualistic purposes were designed to align with important dates in the calendar.

30. V OCABULARY ( ARCHITECTURE ) Menhirs : large individual stones, erected singularly or in large rows Megaliths : menhirs cut into rectangular shapes and used in the construction of a prehistoric complex Henge: circle of megaliths, usually with lintels placed on top. Post and lintel : two uprights supporting a horizontal beam (*most prevalent design in prehistoric architecture.)

31. S TONEHENGE (*IS)

32. S TONEHENGE ( CA. 2550 – 1600 BCE) Neolithic monument, one of the most-recognizable Its builders unknown Perhaps built to serve as a solar and lunar calendar Also seems to serve as a cemetery (25 graves of well-to-do males) Three phases of construction: 1. Wide circular ditch with bank of dirt, 56 pits, filled with stone or wooden beams 2. Upright wooden posts, perhaps a building in center 3. Circle of trilithons https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistori c-art/neolithic- art/a/stonehenge https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistori c-art/neolithic- art/a/stonehenge http://www.history.com/to pics/british- history/stonehenge/videos

33. J AVA S HELL (*CS) Mollusk shell found in Java, Indonesia Dates to 500,000 BCE Previous record is 100,000 BCE This carving predates modern human by about 400,000 years. http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2014 /12/etchings-500000-year-old-shell-appear- have-been-made-human-ancestor