1. Lectures: Mgr. Jana Javorčíková, PhD. (lectures, Fhv – seminars) Seminars: Mgr. Ivan Zelenka (Fif – seminars) Mgr. Jana Javorčíková, PhD. (Fhv – seminars)

3. THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH LITERATURE BEFORE WWII AFTER ECONOMICS The slump The economics of the gold standard Full employment Keynes´ and Beveridge´s economics

4. THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH LITERATURE BEFORE WWII AFTER POLITICS Conservative hegemony “Government of men” Labour victory (1945) “administration of things”

5. THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH LITERATURE BEFORE WWII AFTER SOCIETY Class system Aristocratic privilege and glitter “THEM” dependence of women dual system of education Classless society Egalitarian way “US” feminism of the 60´s tripartite system of education (Butskellism) status revolution

6. BUTLER EDUCATION ACT 1944 – Butler Education Act passed: (Richard Austen Butler, 1902-82) – compulsory education under 15 – system of sponsorship for the underprivileged students;

7. Characteristics of British Universities of the 1960’s Formal,traditional,conservative,abstract (virtual character of Oxford) Redbrick provincial provincialuniversities opposed to Oxbridge vs.

8. THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE POST-WAR BRITISH LITERATURE BEFORE WWII AFTER CULTURE “high vs. low” culture common culture equalisation nationalisation decentralisation Americanisation Racial integration Multiculturalism

9. RESULTS OF BUTLER ACT POSITIVES: More democratic access to education NEGATIVES: ANGRY YOUNG MEN

10. DAVID LODGE (b. 1935) BIOGRAPHY teacher at the University of Birmingham (1960 – 1987)teacher at the University of Birmingham (1960 – 1987) His university studies portrayed in a combination of an autobiographical novel, Bildungsroman Out of Shelter, 1970) and H. James’ international novel (setting: London – Heidelberg).His university studies portrayed in a combination of an autobiographical novel, Bildungsroman Out of Shelter, 1970) and H. James’ international novel (setting: London – Heidelberg).

11. LODGE´S STYLE master of parody (The British Museum is Falling Down, 1965; Changing Places, 1975); parody of V. W.; J. J.; D. H. L; F. K.master of parody (The British Museum is Falling Down, 1965; Changing Places, 1975); parody of V. W.; J. J.; D. H. L; F. K. Often depicts the Anglo-American cultural gap (Small World, 1984);Often depicts the Anglo-American cultural gap (Small World, 1984); motivations: sexual intrigue and the drive for power;motivations: sexual intrigue and the drive for power; Also wrote theoretical handbooks (The Language of Fiction, 1967) – explaining the methodology of structuralism and empiricism.Also wrote theoretical handbooks (The Language of Fiction, 1967) – explaining the methodology of structuralism and empiricism.

12. Synopsis of Small World Setting: Rummidge, everywhere : late 1970´s –early 1980´s Characters: professors and scholars in humanities (Perssy McGarrigle, Angelica Pabbst, Morris Zapp, Phillip Swallow) Genre and tone: academic romance, ironic

13. Post-war modernisation of the old class-ridden and antiquated British society

14. BRITISH POST-WAR LITERATURE VARIOUS GENRES, TOPICS, STYLES, MOVEMENTS OR MISFITS.

15. Six periods/groups according to Gilbert Phelps: 1.“ Survivors“ of the 1930’s : Virginia Woolf, James Joyce 2.“Already active novelists“ Leslie Paul Hartley 3.Post-colonial or anti-colonial novelists: Paul Scott; James G. Farrell; Hanif Kureishi 4.Female writers: Muriel Spark, Beryl Bainbridge 5.Angry Young Men: John Osborne, J. Wain, J. Braine 6.“Misfits“: John Fowles, David Lodge, Ian McEwan

16. SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION: Serious novels: Graham Greene Comic novels: G. Greene Linguistic experimens: Anthony Burgess Traditionalists: August Wilson Detective novels: A. Christie Spy novels: John Le Carré Political allegories: George Orwell Sci-fi: Aldous Huxley

17. CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION: The 30´s: All the Fun The 40´s: Extravagance and Reason The 50´s: Anger and Fear The 60´s and 70´s: Dreams Revived

18. Before we talk about movemements and groups... TWO PROBLEMS: 1.Self-classification or authors 2.POSTMODERNISM - “ownership of the text“

19. 1. Self-classification of authors: Classification of authors is not easy. Take, for example Alan Sillitoe. He is a “typical“ representative of the literary group called “Angry Young Men“ : 1.Sillitoe himself was born to a working class family but was able to pursue in his studies at a university due to a state sponsorship 2.His main representatives followed the same carreer (e.g. Arthur Seeton) 3.He wrote most of his novels during the highlights of the „Angry Young Men“ period. However, he refused to be labeled an “angry young man“ Alan Sillitoe (Writer) Author of the original novel and scriptwriter of the screenplay for the film. A bestselling novelist for the past 40 years, Alan Sillitoe has lately produced his long-awaited sequel to that first novel, Birthday (Flamingo, 2002).

20. 2. MODERNISM vs. POSTMODERNISM MODERNISTS: James Joyce; V. W.; Edwar M. Foster; G. G.; J. Conrad POSTMODERNISTS: Muriel Spark; Beryl Bainbridge; David Lodge CHRONOLOGY: End of the 19th ct. – MODERNISM 1920´s – highlights of MODERNISM 1940´s – POSTMODERNISM 1960´s – highlights of POSTMODERNISM POSTMODERNISM: deflection from established rules: double names, characters conventions, form: pastiche style: syntax, sentence structure

21. POSTMODERNISM – BASIC THOUGHTS MODERNISM: STRUCTURALISM Language is a system of signs. Writing is encoding, Reading is decoding. Text has THE MEANING. MODERNIST EXPERIMENT: sub-trends: surrealism, old avant-garde POSTMODERNISM: POSTSTRUCTURALISM,DECONSTRUCTION Language is asystematic. Every decoding is another encoding. Text has A MEANING. POSTMODERN EXPERIMENT Novel  anti-novel, noveau roman Poetry  concrete poetryDrama  total theatre LITERARY CRITICISM: Marxist criticism, Feminist criticism, New criticism

22. Introduction to postmodernism – Diego Velasquese

23. How many figures are there? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

24. THE PAINTING = THE TEXT YOU = THE READER THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN THE PAINTING = THE/A MEANING OF THE PAINTING/ TEXT Jacques Foucault: Words and Objects PAINTING SERVES AS A METAPHOR...

25. MODERNISM vs. POSTMODERNISM Postmodernism is a new trend in arts that expands to many genres, for example to architecture, painting, music, fashion or literature. „ “Postmodern attitude“can be well illustrated by a paining by Diego Velasquese.

26. POSTMODERNISM and FASHION COLAGE OF STYLES (fairy tale vs. ballet vs. surrealist wedding dress) AMBIGUITY EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS TRADITIONAL VALUES EXISTENCIALISM mockery

27. POSTMODERNISM and ARCHITECTURE COLAGE OF STYLES AMBIGUITY EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS TRADITIONAL VALUES EXISTENCIALISM

28. ...meaning is not: inherent to the text “given“ or “pre-conceived“ by the writer controlled by renowned literary critics

29. ...meaning is: WHAT READERS ADD TO THE TEXT YOUR INTERPETATION BASED ON YOUR UNIQUE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

30. ANGRY YOUNG MEN - NOVELISTS 1.WHEN WERE THEY ACTIVE? 2. WHO WERE THEY? 3. WHAT/WHO DID THEY WRITE ABOUT AND AGAINST?

31. 1. WHEN WERE THEY ACTIVE? Active in the 50´s: 1951: Leslie Paul´s autobiography: The Angry Young Men 1956: 8th May – premiére of Look Back in Anger Characteristics of the period: “the individual has been devalued, like the pound“ (L. P. Hartley) people still feeling the hangover of the war culture was in crisis: narrowness and pessimism of novels John Osborne

32. 2. WHO WERE THEY? Defined themselves against: a blend of homely sensibility; upper class aloofness; liberal politics; avant-garde literary device. The writers themselves and their characters were: Young, needy, intellectuals Disillusioned Displaced Conformists (contrast to the Beat Generation)

33. 3. WHO/WHAT DID THEY WRITE ABOUT AND AGAINST? Wrote about : An angry young anti-hero: working class origin boorish rather than well behaved rudely angry rather than angry philistine rather than arty Other dominant topics: rise of a working class man into the upper middle class hurdles of education, upbringing and accent

34. ANGRY YOUNG NOVELISTS – REPRESENTATIVES John Barrington Wain - b. 1925 in the English Midlands graduated from Oxford - professor of poetry at Oxford (1973 – 78) a member of the Inklinks (an Oxford literary group) Hurry on Down, 1953 – a picaresque novel Living in the Present, 1955 The Contenders John Braine b. 1922 in Bedford, Yorkshire; d. 1986 Room at the Top, 1957; Life at the Top, 1962; The Jealous God, 1964; Stay with Me till Morning, 1970; Writing a Novel, 1974; Finger on Fire, 1977.

35. ANALYSIS OF MAJOR NOVELS BY ANGRY YOUNG MEN: John Wain: Hurry on Down - bestseller Genre: picaresque novel, partly autobiographical Main character: Charles Lumley – university graduate unable to fit in Jack of all trades: driver smuggler bouncer hospital orderly

36. ANALYSIS OF MAJOR NOVELS BY ANGRY YOUNG MEN: John Brain: Room at the Top – bestseller Life at the Top – sequel Style: open – X-rated in the USA Main character: Joe Lampton – an army vet, town-hall clerk Not unlike Clyde Griffits (American Tragedy, Theodore Dreiser) rich Susan Brown - Seduces and marries her poor Alice Aisgill Loves two women “the running fight between himself and society had ended in a draw“

37. Colin Wilson: The Outsider; Kingsley Amis: Lucky Jim; Allan Sillitoe: Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner Stan Barstow: A Kind of Loving David Storey: This Sporting Life Keith Waterhouse ANGRY YOUNG NOVELISTS – OTHER REPRESENTATIVES

38. ANGRY YOUNG MEN - DRAMATISTS John Osborne Life: (b. 1929 in London) educated at "a rather cheap boarding school" former actor in provincial repertory companies founding member of the "A. Y. M." group

39. ANGRY YOUNG MEN - DRAMATISTS John Osborne Characteristics of Osborne's style primitive dramatic skills; "kitchen sink" drama; mood of frustration: anarchic, cynical, nihilistic anti-heroes, social misfits. Major plays and novels The Entertainer, 1957 - comic Archie Rice; Luther, 1961; Inadmissible Evidence, 1964; A Patriot for Me, 1965 Autobiography: A Better Class of Person.

40. Richard Burton as Jimmy Porter, the speaker of the generation: "Nobody thinks, nobody cares, no beliefs, no convictions and no enthusiasm“ MAJOR ISSUES: conflict of generations, social classes and opposite sexes: conflict of the "sycophantic, phlegmatic and pusillanimous” world of upper class and Jimmy's private, "loose" morality. John Osborne Look Back in Anger

41. JIMMY PORTER: A tall, thin young man about 25. A mixture of sincerity and cheerful malice, of tenderness and freebooting cruelty, restless, importunate, full of pride, a combination which alienates the sensitive and the insensitive alike. ALISON PORTER: Tall, slim, delicate, with surprising reservation in her eyes “I was wrong! I don’t want to be saint. I want to be a lost cause. I want to be corrupt and futile“ Jim hates: Sundays Sunday ironing Pretentionus editorials Sycophantic, pusillanimous people Jim loves: ?

42. WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS Representatives: 1. Working-class origin writers 2. novelists writing about the working class. Allan Sillitoe b. 1928 in Nottingham son of an illiterate tannery laborer father unemployed during Depression - financial problems left school at 14 - earned money in RAF (Malaya) Style: versatile author: plays, poems (The Rats and Other Poems, 1960) over 50 essays, children´s books: character of Marmelade Jim labelled also as an AYM advocate of the social function of novels (like J. Galsworthy, E. Zola) realistically portrayed working-class heroes

43. Allan Sillitoe Style: versatile author: plays, poems (The Rats and Other Poems, 1960) over 50 essays, children´s books: character of Marmelade Jim labelled also as an AYM advocate of the social function of novels (like J. Galsworthy, E. Zola) realistically portrayed working-class heroes

44. WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS – A. SILLITOE Major writings: The Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, 1958 depicts a weekend of a young laborer Arthur Seaton (an anti-hero) local colour Loneliness of a Long-Distance Runner, 1959 a collection of stories (Uncle Ernest) Raw Material, 1972 autobiographical features

45. Allan SILLITOE: Loneliness of a Long-Distance Runner, 1959 Style: – rich in inner monologues – slang – local colour (dialects, regionalisms) - Symbol of protest against those in power – upper classes Shows inner rebelion

46. Allan SILLITOE: Saturday Night and Sunday Morning Sunday mornings Saturday nights wild parties, drinking, dating women repenting – gone fishing Conformist lifestyle: No motivation ambitions, enthusiasm, beliefs. Shows nihilism, resignation of WC ARTHUR SEATON married, older – Brenda younger Doreen

47. WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS – OTHER REPRESENTATIVES Sid Chaplin b. 1916, Shildon, Durham - d. 1980 the son of a coal miner, working in mines at 15 obtained education from the worker´s Educational Association (Durham) writing since 1950´s Durham mining community writings: The Leaping Lad, 1964 The Thin Seam, 1950 The Day of the Sardine, 1961 The Mines of Alabaster, 1971 Other writers: Mervyn Jones: Holding On

48. WORKING CLASS NOVELISTS – OTHER REPRESENTATIVES Sid Chaplin Durham mining community writings: The Day of the Sardine, 1961 ARTHUR HAGGARSTON: – his journey to adulthood – conflict between him and his tedious, repressive employer – the only way out of stereotype: gangs, violence

49. POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISH http://images.google.sk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/icons/post.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.scholars.nus.edu.s g/post/&h=255&w=428&sz=26&hl=sk&start=71&tbnid=jZzvTNwkMbOMRM:&tbnh=75&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dicons%2B %252B%2Bliterature%26start%3D54%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dsk%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN CANADA AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND INDIA PAKISTAN CEYLON MALAYSIA TASMANIA GUYANA EGYPT, SUDAN, SOUTH AFRICA, NAMIBIA...

50. NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s – DISSOLUTION OF THE EMPIRE 1. What were the reasons for decolonization and its results? Two reasons for decolonization: 1. Imperialism grew unpopular 2. Finance Milestones in decolonization: 1947 – independent India 1956 – “Suez fiasco” 1960´s – conflicts in Malaya, Cyprus 1982 – Falkland Islands crisis Results of decolonization: 1. loose association - Commonwealth 2. mass immigration (1950´s – 60´s) LECTURE

51. NOVELISTS OF THE 1950´s: 1.Post-Imperialists – predecessors: Rudyard Kipling (The Jungle Book), Edward Morgan Forster (Passage to India) James Gordon Farrell, Paul Scott 2. Anti- imperialists: Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer POST-COLONIAL WRITINGS 2. Who were the major representatives of post-colonial literature?

52. Doris Lessing (b. 1919, Persia – present-day Iran - ) Childhood spent in Rhodesia, Africa Exposed to contradictions, illusions and pessimism Style: “...English writer without English tradition“ realism: ambiguous nature of African-English co-existence 1979 – psychoanalysis, (The Golden Notebook); “space fiction“ The Grass is Singing, 1950 Children of Violence African Stories, 1961

53. Doris Lessing The Grass is Singing, 1950 Collection of stories: Little Tembi, No Witchcraft for Sale African English: Baas, Missus, Boss Boy European rationalism (Cartesian compulsion to think rationally African rituals (faith healing, taboo and code, miracles) VS.

54. James Gordon Farrell (b. 1935, Liverpool – 1979) Spent a great deal of life abroad: France, North America Won the Booker Prize in 1973 Style: – “Blended English sensitivity and Indian exoticism” – topics: Hindustan life, trappings of civilisation The Siege of Krishnapur; 1973 A Girl In the Head The Singapore Grip, 1978 The Hill Station, 1981 POST-COLONIAL WRITERS: Sabres and Dust by Chris Collingwood British light cavalry and horsemen of Skinners Horse fight Pindarn and Maratha 1826. In 1827 Skinners Regiment was known as the 1st Regiment of Local Horse and had just been awarded the Battle Honour 'Bhurtpore' for its part in the reduction of the fortress at Bharatpur. Skinner himself being made a companion of the Order of the Bath.

55. James Gordon Farrell The Siege of Krishnapur; 1973 – depicts 1857 – Sepoy rebellion in India – the English struggling for their way of life The Singapore Grip, 1978 POST-COLONIAL WRITERS:

56. Paul (Mark) Scott ( 1920- d. 1978) -“brings to India the fractious personality of the Westerner” India – a Lost Paradise, Englishman’s India Raj Quartet: -The Towers of Silence ; -The Day of the Scorpion -The Jewel in the Crown; -Staying On POST-COLONIAL WRITERS: Officer Skinners Horse 1905 by Mark Churms The Founder's Church of St. James, Dehli, illustrates its association with this famous regiment of Bengal Lancers.

57. TETRALOGY BY PAUL SCOTT

58. LEGACY OF POST-COLONIAL WRITERS: CRITICISM OF COLONIALISM AND ITS PROPAGANDA CRITICISM OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT OF COLONIALISM COLONIAL VISUAL ARTS: The British portrayed as (naturally) superior

59. VISUAL ARTS Painters often showed the Indians in subordinate positions

60. VISUAL ARTS AND PROPAGANDA http://posters.nce.buttobi.net/

61. Rudyard Kipling White Man's Burden Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. 1865-1936

62. Post-colonial literature reacts to myths, half- truths and the autocratic view of the world represented by the colonial literature

63. POST-COLONIAL WRITERS: PROPAGANDA AND CRITICISM OF COLONIALISM IN POST-COLONIAL WRITINGS 1. Direct Criticism: Doris Lessing Nadine Gordimer 2.Indirect criticism: Paul Scott In his novel The Jewell in the Crown, Scott pays attention to the propaganda taught at British colonial schools, run by British teachers. Except for basics of algebra and reading, teachers often idealised the relationship bethween India and Great Britain. Britain was depicted as a “mother“, taking India under her protective wing, promoting education, religion, hygiene and culture. Indians, on the other hand, were depicted as willing to offer their country as a gift to their “Mother Country“, Britain. In visual arts, many painters also depicted the harmonic relationship and obedience or submissiveness of the Indians.

64. POSTCOLONIAL AND POSTIMPERIAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Salman Rushdie “Novels are not to lay down rules but to ask questions.“ b. in Bombay, India to a prosperous family b. in 1947, the year of political changes in India Moved to England Received M.A. from King´s College, Cambridge Worked as an actor, free-lance advertising copy-writer 1989 - “FATWA” - Condemned by Ayatollah Khomeni to death

65. FATWA – SENTENCE TO DEATH I inform all zealous Muslims of the world that the author of the book entitled The Satanic Verses— which has been compiled, printed and published in opposition to Islam, the Prophet, and the Qur'an— and all those involved in its publication who were aware of its content, are sentenced to death. I call on all zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they may be found, so that no one else will dare to insult the Muslim sanctities. God Willing, whoever is killed on this path is a martyr.

66. EFFECTS OF THE SATANIC VERSES Japanese translator Hitosh Igorashi stabbed to death Italian translator Ettore Capriolo – seriously injured Norweigan translator William Nygaard hardly survived assassination attack

67. Salman Rushdie’s Style: Influenced by J. Joyce Combines fantasy and magic Uses satire Attacks religious bigotry Criticism: Incoherent melange of plots, themes, characters

68. The Satanic Verses – issues: Ispired by the life of Muhammad Attempts to be the “false part of Qur’an“ Uses MAGIC REALISM (characters of angels, demons, hybrids...)

69. DEVIL Main characters: Indian expatriates in England GIBREEL FARISHTA Bollywood star SALADIN CHAMCHA Voice-over in Indian films ARCHANGEL GIBREEL schizophrenia Falls into hallucinations Understands his Indian identity PLANE CRASH

70. Theme of The Satanic Verses:...“migration, metamorphosis, divided selves, love, death, London and Bombay.„ Other concepts: faith BLASPHEMOUS fanaticism revelation justifying God’s existence

71. Rushdie writes of the title of Satanic Verses: You call us devils? It seems to ask. Very well, then, here is the devil's version of the world, of "your" world, the version written from the experience of those who have been demonized by virtue of their otherness. Just as the Asian kids in the novel wear toy devil-horns proudly, as an assertion of pride in identity, so the novel proudly wears its demonic title. The purpose is not to suggest that the Qur'an is written by the devil; it is to attempt the sort of act of affirmation that, in the United States, transformed the word black from the standard term of racist abuse into a "beautiful" expression of cultural pride.

72. Other novels by Salman Rushdie Novels: The Book of the Pir, 1971 Midnight Children, 1981 Shame, 1983 The Satanic Verses, 1989 Concepts: NEWNESS – CHANGE (IDENTITY POLITICS): FOREIGNERS –ALIENS – UNSPOILED NATIVES CENTRAL AND MARGINAL CULTURES

73. POSTCOLONIAL AND POSTIMPERIAL LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Kazuo Ishiguro “What is history to a nation, memory is to the individual” b. in 1954 in Nagasaki, Japan moved to Britain in 1960 depicts cultural gap between two cultures graduated from the Univ. of East Anglia, lives in London

74. Ishiguro’s style: “It is perhaps a sign of my advancing years, that I have taken to wandering into rooms for no purpose.” (Masuji Ono, in: Artist of the F.V.) Characters wander through the “rooms“ of their memories (ellipses, meanders) Distortion of the past and present Ironical deceptions of memory

75. Ishiguro’s major novels Novels: A Pale view of Hills, 1982 An Artist of the Floating World, 1985 The Remains of the Day, 1989 The Unconsoled, 1995 Concepts: FLOATING WORLD – “the night time of pleasure, entertainment and drink.” JOURNEY – the “journey“ motif

76. The Remains of the Day Set in pre and post-war Britain Narrator: aging butler Stevens who serves for Lord Darlington THE ESSENCE OF BRITISHNESS Mrs Kenton – love subdued to duty Lord Darlington – abosolute loyalty Stevens’ father – latent love Mr. Farraday – new American master

77. LITERATURE OF THE 60’ s, 70’s AND 80’s After experiment with new topics (post-imperialism) Experiment with the form Saga Bildungsroman Roman fleuve Stream novel River novel

78. Saga Novel a narrative or a tale of heroic achievements or extraordinary or marvellous adventures, e.g. Beowulf a narrative about the life of a large family, written over a long period and linked together by a character or place, e.g. Forsyte Saga

79. OTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH FORM Roman Fleuve – stream novel – “river novel“ a term used for a series of novels, each of which exists as a separate novel but all of which are related because the characters reappear in each succeeding work. roman fleuve was established by E. Zola, H. Balzac and M. Proust the most popular variants: trilogy, tetralogy Bildungsroman - the term used widely by German critics, referring to a novel which is an account of the youthful development of a hero or heroine (David Lodge: Out of Shelter)

80. NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s ANTHONY POWELL, ANGUS WILSON, C. P. SNOW Novelists of the 50´s – achieved considerable reputation in the 50´s – unique category Common Features: satiric interest in the changes in the Great Britain in the 50´s and 60´s disgust with the spread of Western civilisation genre (roman fleuve)

81. NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s ANTHONY POWELL, ANGUS WILLSON and CHARLES PERCY SNOW stories of “upper-class hard-heads“ started publishing in the 30´s

82. ANTHONY POWELL educated at prestigious Eton Balliol College (Oxford) a friend of Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greene started as a film script-writer critic and book reviewer for: the Daily Telegraph; the Times Literary Supplement; Punch; the Spectator Nicolas Poussin’s picture which gives name to the novel (1905 - 2000) Style: universal: - 4 volumes of memoirs 3 volumes of diaries 3 volumes of diaries 2 volumes of literary criticisms 2 volumes of literary criticisms

83. ANTONY POWEL’S MAJOR WORKS: Novels: Afternoon Men, 1931 Venusberg, 1932 A Dance to the Music of Time slowly developing narrative (narrator: Nicholas Jenkins), set between the 20´s and 50´s a chronicle of British upper middle class a fictionalised war memoir a prose elegy for the decline and fall of a ruling class

84. A Dance to the Music of Time 1. A Question of Upbringing 2. A Buyer´s Market 3. The Acceptance World 4. At Lady Molly´s 5. Casanova´s Chinese Restaurant 6. The Kindly Ones 7. The Walley of Bones 8. The Soldier´s Art 9. The Military Philosophers 10. Books do Furnish a Room 11. Temporary Kings 12. Hearing Secret Harmonies

85. A Dance to the Music of Time Metaphor: Conformism of those who „dance to the music of time“ Parody of English political, social and military life

86. A painting by Nicolas Poussin Seasons hand in hand Symbolising: Passing of time, Human mortality Dance Symbolises Partmership – its twists and turns

87. Charles Percy Snow Baron Snow of Leicester (1905 - 1980) educated as a chemist and physicist at the Univ. of Leicester held important positions in the British Government Style: -rational, atheistic, - scientifically exact, influenced by the genre of detective stories - conflict between the sciences and the humanities (The Two Cultures)

88. NOVELS BY CHARLES PERCY SNOW Strangers and Brothers, 1940 – 1970 - eleven novels in the series - narrated by 'Lewis Eliot'. - follows his life and career from humble beginnings in an English provincial town, to London lawyer, to Cambridge don, to wartime service in Whitehall, to senior civil servant and finally retirement. The Masters, 1951 The New Men, 1954 Last Things, 1970

89. ANGUS WILSON b. 1913 Style: -restless experimentation with: REALISM (Hemlock and After, 1952) FABLE, ALLEGORY (The Old Man at the ZOO, 1961) Topics: criticised SOCIETY ; society understood holistically favoured NATURE – source of stable values Characters: (3 groups) PRINCIPAL PLAYERS SUPPORITNG ROLES ADDITIONAL CAST

90. NOVELISTS OF THE 50´s - GRAHAM GREENE b. in 1904 to the family of a Headmaster; studied at Balliol College, Oxford; editor of the Oxford Outlook, The Times, The Spectactor; during WWII an employee of the Ministry of Information. Style: 1. Catholicism; 2. Exotic settings (Cuba, Estonia); 3. Spy novels, double agents; 4. Greenland.

91. GRAHAM GREENE’S STYLE Greenland – the term describing specific atmosphere in Greene´s novels: “… the sweat and infection, the ill-built town which is beautiful for a few minutes at sundown, the brothel where all men are equal, the vultures… the snobbery of the 2nd class public schools, the law which all can evade, the everpresent haunting underworld of gossip, spying, bribery, violence and betrayal…“ Evelyn Waugh Technique of writing/narration: Camera Eye – recording significant details (absolutely objective narrative, no judgemental voice)

92. HAVANA...the sweat and infection, the ill-built town which is beautiful for a few minutes at sundown, the brothel where all men are equal, the vultures… the snobbery of the 2nd class public schools, the law which all can evade, the everpresent the everpresent haunting underworld of gossip, spying, bribery, violence and betrayal…“ Evelyn Waugh

93. GRAHAM GREENE’S MAJOR WORKS Novels: Early Years: 1929, The Man Within Pre-WWII novels: 1938, Brighton Rock 1939, The Confidential Agent 1940, The Power and the Glory Post-WWII novels: 1948, The Heart of the Matter 1951, The End of the Affair 1955, The Quiet American 1958, Our Man in Havana 1969, Travels with my Aunt 1973, The Honorary Consul

94. Our Man in Havana Parody of a spy novel Based on G. G’s experience during WWII Set in Cuba Story of an underdog Wormold Selling vacuum cleaners mistaken for military plans of nuclear bombs Becomes Secret Agent 5920015

95. LITERATURE OF THE 50´S AND 60´S - EXOTIC NOVELS 50’s – 60’s – Period of the “Dreams revived“ Inspiration by the colonial past, (Lawrence Durrell) exotic countries, (William Golding) utopia, dystopia and sci-fi (Eric Arthur Blair – George Orwell) – George Orwell)

96. Lawrence Durrell (1912 - 1990) b. in Jullundur, northern India to his English father and Irish-English mother result: inclination toward “Tibetan mentality“; mixed nationality sent to England at the age of 11 to be formally educated there missed Southern climate and way of life, moved to Corfu fled Greece in 1941 just ahead of Nazi army Press attaché in the British Information Office in Alexandria, Egypt (Belehrad and Rhodes) A teacher of English literature in Cyprus Deeply touched by the death of his wife and daughter

97. Lawrence Durrell (1912 - 1990) Style: Influenced by Henry Miller (naturalism), H. D. Lawrence (sexual openness) Fascination for the Far East (oriental folklore, habits) Modernist fiction (philosophical point of view) Novels: Pied Piper of Lovers (pseudonym: Charles Norden) Panic Spring, 1937 Bitter Lemons

98. The Alexandria Quartet The Alexandria Quartet: Justine, 1957 Balthazar, 1958 Mountain Olive, 1958 Clea, 1960 Subject: the expression of love: pure love, incest, rape, infant prostitution, lesbian love, homosexuality. Specific expressions of L. G. Dartley´s love to Justine (passion), Melissa (affection), Clea (healing love), Mount Olive (friendship). The Revolt of Aphrodite: 1. Tunc, 1968 2. The Avignon Quintet, 1974-85

99. William Golding (1911 - 1993) b. in Newquay, Cornwall graduated from Oxford University during WWII joined the military service 1983 - Nobel Laureate in Literature Style: influenced by Greene´s religiosity: original sin, evil in people Interested in existential rather than national issues: “I should have thought that a pack of British boys… would have been able to put up a better show than that”. called his writings “fables“ or “myths“; also writing moral allegories: post Darwinist and post Wellsian pessimism excessively using symbolism

100. SOCIAL RULES AND ABSENCE THEREOF Novels by W. Golding Poems, 1934 The Inheritors, 1955 Pincher Martin, 1965 Free Fall, 1959 The Spire, 1964 The Lord of the Flies, 1954 EVIL IN MEN CORRUPTION OF POWER OUTSIDERISM INNER SAVAGERY

101. CORRUPTION OF POWER SOCIAL RULES AND ABSENCE THEREOF Novels by W. Golding „Man produces evil like a bee produces honey“ An outsider often draws attention away from predators’ mistakes People need an absolute monarch EVIL IN MEN OUTSIDERISM INNER SAVAGERY

102. Lord of the Flies Subject: collapse of civilisation: transition from civilised to barbaric Inspired by Robert Ballantyne´s Coral Island (1858), Jules Verne, Daniel Defoe and sci – fi Setting: unspecified - Indian – Pacific Ocean – time: WWII (?)

103. Lord of the Flies = inborn evil in people Nemesis (in Greek, Νέμεσις), was the spirit of divine retribution against those who succumb to hubris, vengeful fate personified as a remorseless goddess.Greek retributionhubris The name Nemesis is related to the Greek word νείμειν, meaning "to give what is due". The Romans equated one aspect of Greek Nemesis, which might be interpreted as "indignation at unmerited advantage", as Invidia (Aronoff 2003).GreekRomans InvidiaAronoff 2003) Nemesis is now used as a term used to describe one's worst enemy, normally someone or something that is the exact opposite of oneself but is also somehow similar. For example, Professor Moriarty is frequently described as the nemesis of Sherlock Holmes.Professor MoriartySherlock Holmes

104. Post Darwinist and post Wellsian pessimism LoF shows the downfall of civilisation (from civilised to barbaric) Charles Darwin Origin of Species (1869) The Survival of the Fittest Herbert Spencer had published The principles of biology in 1864. In that he referred to 'survival of the fittest' twice

105. Golding’s Post Darwinist and post Wellsian pessimism Herbert George Wells „The Father of Sci-fi“ Author of: The Time Machine The War of Worlds The Invisible Man The Island of Doctor Moreau Believed that technology does not make a man happier

106. Symbolism in Lord of the Flies English cathedral choir schoolboys - microcosm Piggy, glasses: intelligence Ralph, the conch – democracy Simon – Jesus Roger – Evil, Satan Jack – anarchy The island – a microcosm The beast – evil, residing within everyone Lord of the Flies – the Devil Other authors: Malcolm Lowry: Under the Volcano

107. BRITISH POST-WAR POETRY SEVERAL MOVEMENTS EMERGED THE MOVEMENT THE GROUP THE UNDERGROUND THE REVIEW THE MARTIANS TED HUGHESSEAMUS HEANEY

108. THE MOVEMENT - dominated in the 40's - 50's; - manifesto of THE MOVEMENT: collections: "Poets of the 50's", 1955 and "New Lines", 1956 P. Larkin: I believe a poet has to enjoy writing poetry and the readers enjoy reading it, or they are both wasting their time. (The Times, 1964).

109. I had suggested, in exasperation, that he finds Something other to write about the moon, and flowers and birds, and temples, And the bare hills of the once holy city - Through the leprous lakes of mud. (Changing the Subject). The poet Should seek more serious topics Struggle with life

110. Artistic manifesto of the Movement Influences: W.Butler Yeats; W.H.Auden; Edwin Muir; Philosophy of the Movement * Disillusionment * Empirism * Subjectivity, intimacy, privacy * Intellectualism * Specific target: poets, churchgoers, mourners * Rational, logical language * Representatives: educated, Oxbridge graduates

111. Intimacy And why should this chain of miracles be easier to believe Than that my darling should come to me as naturally As she trusts a restaurant not to poison her?" Existential topics This man I knew Only a little, by his death Shows me a love I thought I lacked... For finished work, like answered prayer, makes death taste sweet. Sharp observations on life Vivid SIMILES

112. MEMBERS OF THE MOVEMENT 1. Robert Conquest “A World of Difference“, 1955; "Arias from a Love Opera", 1969 "Forays", 1979 2. Philip Larkin: Whitsun Weddings 3. D. J. Enright 4. Elisabeth Jennings “Poems“, 1953; “A Way of Looking“, 1955; A Sense of the World" 5. Kingsley Amis Poems: "The End" 6. John Wain "Mixed Feelings", 1951; "A Word Carved on a Sill", 1956; Weep before God, 1961 7. Thom Gunn "On the Move", 1966; "The Sense of Movement" 8. John Holloway - literary criticism 9. Donald Davie - literary criticism

113. PHILIP LARKIN - b. 1922 in Coventry, died 1985; - studied at Oxford, St. John's - librarian in Belfast, Leicester Collections: “The North Ship", 1945 “The Less Deceived“, 1955 “The Whitsun Weddings“, 1964 “High Windows“ Style: Days What are days for? Days are where we five. They come, they wake us Time and time over They are to be happy in: Where can we live but Ah, solving that question Brings the priest and the doctor In their long coats Running over the fields.

114. Days What are days for? Days are where we live. They come, they wake us Time and time over They are to be happy in: Where can we live but Ah, solving that question Brings the priest and the doctor In their long coats Running over the fields. RHETORIC QUESTION ANAPHORA METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS TABOO QUESTIONS MOTIFS OF PANTA REI

115. DENNIS JOSEPH ENRIGHT - b. 1920 Style: comic, funny verses Collections: "The Laughing Hyena", 1953 "Bread Rather than Blossoms", 1956 “The Old Adam", 1965 "Unlawful Assembly", 1968 “The Terrible Shears",

116. MINOR MOVEMENTS AND LITERARY TRENDS: THE UNDERGROUND Loose groups also called “The Liverpool Poets” Representatives: Adrian Henri, Roger McGough TOPICS: Criticism of “the Establishment” Formed since the 1960´s Influenced by the Beat Generation, jazz, William Blake, dadaism, surrealism Collections: Love, love, love, love, 1968; Children of Albion, 1969

117. THE REVIEW - Their manifesto: magazine - Reaction to the Movement - Confessional poetry and dramatic lyrics of Alfred Alvarez

118. THE MAVERICKS - Opposition to the Movement - their anthology: The Mavericks - representatives: Ian Silkin (Nature with Man, 1965) TONE: reflexive, meditative poetry about the North of England and its nature

119. THE MARTIANS or THE MARTIAN SCHOOL - collection: A Martian Sends a Postcard Home, 1979 - representatives: Craig Raine

120. SEAMUS HEANEY “...poetry as revelation of the self to the self, as the restoration of the culture to itself, poems as elements of continuity...” (1976) - b. in Ireland (Conn Derry), 1939 - studied in Belfast at Queen´s University - teacher, later the Head of the Department in Dublin 1995 – awarded the Nobel Prize Style: - prolific, near-demonic poet - simple but strong - anti-human - reflections of the experience of human cruelty - psychic drama

121. SEAMUS HEANEY’s APOLITICAL POETRY 1. APOLITICAL POETRY: Traditionalist: images of farms, diligence, animals, nature Language: robust, uses dialects, archaisms, experiments with assonance Prosody: unrhymed, American free verse form inspired by neonaturalism of Ted Hughes, Robert Lowell Collections: - Death of a Naturalist, 1966 Wintering Out The North, 1975 Field Work, 1979

122. SEAMUS HEANEY’s POLITICAL POETRY 2. POLITICAL POETRY influenced by Patrick Ravanagh rooted in Heaney´s Irish Catholic origin (Ulster Catholics) criticises bigotry of the Protestant Extremists Military Images: Trout, Rookery Collections: Whatever You Say, Say Nothing North, 1975

123. ( Edward James ) Ted Hughes b. 1930 in the North of England (West Yorkshire); Studied at Cambridge; interested in folklore, D.H Lawrence, Shakespeare, Dylan Thomas; Many unusual jobs 1956 – married to a U.S. poet Sylvia Plath; founded Arvon foundation; died 1984.

124. Ted Hughes’ style: individual; middle-English poetry – north-English dialect; philosophical topics, questions; neo-naturalist; 1st person narrator: „I sit in the top of the world, my eyes closed“. Topics/Themes: brutality vs. vitality : Symbolism: of Jaguar, Hawk, Fox, Cat, Pike; pigs, apes, parrots Death vs. life: symbolism of animal world, war Horror, roughness: - ”silhouette of horror“, “enraged jaguar”; “sudden sharp hot stink of fox” Determinism; Exercise of power

125. Controversial poetry of Ted Hughes Exercise of power: I kill where I please because it is all mine... Nothing has changed since I began. My eye has permitted no change. I am going to keep things like this. (Hawk Roosting) Collections of poems: - The Hawk in the Rain, 1957; - Lupercal, 1960; - Gandette, 1977; - Cave Birds, 1978; - Moortown, 1979.

126. Sample task 1 1. Who wrote Dance to the Music of Time? a)John Osborne b)Baron Snow of Leicester c)Doris Lessing d)Charles Percy Snow e)None of these

127. Sample task 2 1. What do Allan Sillitoe, Kingsley Amis and Sid Barstow have in common? a)They were awarded the Nobel prize b)They all use metaphors in the titles of their novels c)They all use the setting of Greenland d)They are working class novelists e)None of these

128. Written test Usaully Week 10 Content: lectures, seminars, Look Back in Anger, Lord of the Flies, doplňujúce texty na skúšku (see: web page) FORM: multiple choice, gap filling, essay

129. Write a paragraph on the status revolt of a female protagonist in LBA The character in LBA who represents the status rebellion is Alison Redfern, the daughter of an India veteran, colonel Redfern. She was born to a privileged upper class, however, for dubious reasons she decided to marry below her standard. She married a working class representative, Jim Porter, who in spite of his education could not find a proper job and worked in a candy stand. He represents a „typical“ angry young man, product of Butler’s educational law of 1944 which left many overqualified young people unemployed. That, of course, made Jim irritated and oversensitive and he often relieved his anger on Alison. Thus Alison, as a representative of the upper class ended up in a depressive relationship with an upset and conformist young man. It is a good question what made Alison rebell against her own class and parents – was it just a generation gap, natural teenage protest against authorities, or more serious reasons? Or was it love that brought her to a tiny attic room? John Osborne did not really answer the question in the play and let the spectactor wonder about Alison’s true motivation.

130. What to think over before you take an exam in... MODERN BRITISH LITERATURE – EXAM GUIDE In your credit test or, in your final oral exam or in your state exam you may be given some of the following questions: 1.Compare and contrast structuralism and post-structuralism. 2.Which types of literary criticisms are recognised in the 20th century? How do these criticisms help/trouble understanding the meaning of a literary text? (D. Lodge: Small World). 3.Explain: “Every decoding is another decoding” (D. Lodge: Small World, p. 25) 4.Why did Moris Zapp´s lecture shock the audience in D. Lodge´s novel Small World? 5.What were the angry about? What was the difference between the Angry Young Men and the Beat Generation? 6.What was the difference between father´s and Rob´s values in J. Wain´s short story Manhood? 7.Who was a/the representative of the Angry Young Men in J. Wain´s short story Manhood? Why? 8.Who was a/the representative of the Angry Young Men in J. Osborne´s drama Look back in Anger? Why? 9.Why did Jim Porter get married to Alison Redfern? Why he calls her “sycophantic, phlegmatic and pusillanimous”? (J. Osborne´s drama Look back in Anger) 10. What Jimmy Porter likes/dislikes most in his life? (J. Osborne: Look back in Anger, p. 21) 11. Compare and contrast Jim Porter (J. Osborne´s drama Look back in Anger) and Rob (J. Wain´s short story Manhood). 12.Who was a/the representative of the working class in A. Sillitoe´s short story Uncle Ernest? Why? What do we learn from this story about the social conditions of the working class in Britain? 13. Compare and contrast the Working Class novels/novelists and the Angry Young Men and their characters. 14. What is strange about the title of the painting in P. Scott´s novel The Jewel in the Crown? 15.Which topic/s do P. Scott and G. Orwell share? Why? 16.Does W. Golding believe that “people will abuse power when it is not earned”? Why/Why not? 17.Does W. Golding believe that “man produces evil as a bee produces honey”? Why/ why not? 18.Explain the symbolism of these characters/objects in W. Golding´s novel the Lord of the Flies: Piggy, Ralph, Simon, roger, Jack, the Island, Lord of the Flies. 19.Explain the function of the indefinite article in the title of K. Ishiguro´s short story A Family Supper. Is it the same as in M. Spark´s short story A Member of the Family? What does the indefinite article signify? 20. What is the role of Indian words such as phial, purdah, Mullahs in S. Rushdie´s short story The Prophet´s hair?

131. 1.Explain the clash of two cultures in K. Ishiguro´s short story A Family Supper. 2.Compare and contrast the portrayal of the colonising, dominant culture and the colonised, submissive culture in D. Lessing´s short story Little Tembi. 3.What is the paradox of the “abrasive powers of observation“ in Graham Greene´s short story The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen? 4.How does the title of G. Greene´s short story The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen illustrate the theme of the story? 5.Which topic/s do P. Scott and G. Orwell share? Why? 6.Does W. Golding believe that “people will abuse power when it is not earned”? Why/Why not? 7.Does W. Golding believe that “man produces evil as a bee produces honey”? Why/ why not? 8.Explain the symbolism of these characters/objects in W. Golding´s novel the Lord of the Flies: Piggy, Ralph, Simon, roger, Jack, the Island, Lord of the Flies. 9.What is the role of Indian words such as phial, purdah, Mullahs in S. Rushdie´s short story The Prophet´s hair? 10. Explain the clash of two cultures in K. Ishiguro´s short story A Family Supper. 11.Compare and contrast the portrayal of the colonising, dominant culture and the colonised, submissive culture in D. Lessing´s short story Little Tembi. 12.What is the paradox of the “abrasive powers of observation“ in Graham Greene´s short story The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen? 13.How does the title of G. Greene´s short story The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen illustrate the theme of the story? 14.What is the difference between a good fiction and fiction written for commercial success (best-sellers)? Does G. Greene´s short story help us to understand this question? How? 15.What role played the “Nelson´s touch” in g. Greene´s short story The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen? 16.What does J. Betjeman criticise in his poem Westminster Abbey? 17.What does Roger McGough criticise in his poem 40-LOVE? 18.Compare and contrast THE MOVEMENT and THE GROUP. 19.What is the difference between amoral and immoral? Which British poet uses the contrast between these two words in his/her poems? More questions :