1. APUSH Review 1789-1840

2. Section 1: 1789-1800 9 states ratified Constitution Members of the electoral college assembled in states in Feb 1789 George Washington unanimously chosen as president, John Adams as VP with second highest votes Washington and Adams took the oaths of office (defend and uphold the Constitution) on April 30 in NYC (nation’s first capital)

3. Washington Presidency Challenges: –National debt –Foreign affairs –Frontier –Solve problems AND follow Constitution –Balance power federal-people-states Precedents –“Mr. President” –2 terms (custom until FDR then law with 22 nd Amendment) –Advised by able & experienced leaders (cabinet) –Grant/withhold diplomatic recognition of foreign nations –Federal troops used to enforce law by powers as commander in chief –President essentially leader of political party –State of the Union speech delivered before joint session of Congress –Senate could APPROVE not REMOVE –Senate’s role of “advise and consent” means ratify not negotiate –President should take active role in shaping / urging passage of significant legislation

4. Washington’s Appointees Constitution refers to “executive departments” but does not explain how many or what they should be 1789: Congress created –Dept of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton –Dept of State – Thomas Jefferson –Dept of War Gen. Henry Knox (1949 Dept of War, Navy, & Air Force combined to Dept of Defense) –These men plus Attorney General Edmund Randolph make up the first Cabinet Judiciary Act of 1789 created federal court system creating: –Positions of chief justice & five assoc. justices in the Sup Court (chose 3 southerners, 3 northerners with John Jay as CJ) –13 district courts and 3 circuit courts –Gave power of judicial review to supreme Court (declare void any state law or court decision in violation of the Constitution)

5. Debt Gov’t owed $50 million to foreign nations and US citizens & states owed $25 million Sect of Treasury Hamilton described 4 part plan in Report on the Public Credit and Report on Manufactures: –Repay entire war debt of national AND state gov’ts by selling bonds Establish US as safe to lend $ to because it could pay off debts Encourage investment in success of new gov’t by wealthy becoming bond owners (stake holders) –Madison and the South who had low debt feared only New England speculators would profit –Hamilton compromised by allowing new capitol to be built in the South Establish a national bank Branches in major cities as depositories of tax revenue and would issue single national currency to stabilize US money and aid business Opposition was strong, Madison and Jefferson (southerners) –Expensive shares in bank ($400) meant only wealthy could invest –Private banks would be run out of business & Power to create banking system not in “enumerated” powers –Adopt a protective tariff Hamilton wanted to protect new US manufacturing and become industrial powerhouse like GB Congress & Jefferson et al saw US as nation of yeoman farmers (tariff not approved) –Excise tax on whiskey Frontier farmers refused to pay tax & fought federal marshals in the Whiskey Rebellion Hamilton convinced GW to send federal militia of 15k troops to put down PA farmers Frontiersman switched loyalty from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans

6. Rise of the Party System By 1794, there was a growing divide between political ideologies Federalists (Hamilton) –Believed in a broad interpretation of the Constitution (loose constructionists) –Allowed for expansion of federal gov’t –Distrusted ability of ordinary people to manage gov’t –Supported by wealthy merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, church leaders from NE and NY who believed federal gov’t should help industry grow Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) –Did not support expansion of powers of gov’t beyond what the Constitution stated (strict constructionists) –Sometimes referred to as republicans and in the mid- 1820s they become the Democrats –Believed in limited federal power, strong state gov’t, guarantees of individual rights –Best society would be of small farms with the nations strength in the South and on the frontier

7. Foreign Affairs New states added under GW: OH, KY, TN, VT –British (upper Midwest) and Spanish (South) armed NA’s to keep US from expanding –US alternated between fighting and making treaties with NAs Neutrality Proclamation, 1793 –GW declared US officially neutral in conflict arising from French Revolution –US too weak & too dependent on British trade to join the French cause –TG and the Dem-Reps believed US should honor treaty with the French and join fight, but Congress agreed with GW and passed Neutrality Act

8. Problems with Britain British were –Still occupying frontier forts –Arming NAs to raid US settlers –Capturing US ships who traded with French colonies in the Caribbean –Impressing US sailors –Angry at US for not repaying Loyalists for lost property Jay’s Treaty: –British leave frontier by 1796 –US trading rights with British in Caribbean –Did NOT resolve capturing US ships and impressment –Dem-Reps opposed treaty Should honor alliance with French Federalist attempt to get closer with British

9. John Adams’ Presidency Election of 1796 –First presidential election with opposing parties competing (Fed John Adams vs. Dem-Rep Thomas Jefferson) –Adams got most votes = President; Jefferson got 2 nd most = VP XYZ Affair –French seize US ships in retaliation for Jay’s Treaty –Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, & John Marshall sent to negotiate a solution, but French rep demanded a bribe to even open discussion US delegation referred to French agents as “X, Y, & Z” Americans enraged “millions for defense but not a cent for tribute” French Minister Charles Tallyrand said situation a “mistake” and alliance of 1778 dissolved by 1800 Dem-Rep support for French damaged the party Alien (expel any “dangerous” alien) & Sedition (crime to criticize gov’t) & Naturalization Acts (more time to be a citizen from 5 to 14 years) –Aimed at French and Dem-Reps –Laws backfired and hurt Federalists, helping Dem-Reps –Virginia (TJ) & Kentucky (Madison) Resolutions declared Alien & Sedition Acts nullified (unconstitutional) in those states

10. Section 2: The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816 Jefferson called the 1800 election the “Revolution of 1800” with peaceful transfer of power from Feds to Dem-Reps Revealed need for better way to elect Pres and VP –36 ballots cast in House to break tie and select TJ as Pres and Aaron Burr as VP –12 th Amend ratified in 1804 making it clear who was running for Pres and who for VP As Pres TJ believed in laissez-faire to limit role of federal gov’t in everyday life –Naturalization Act and whiskey tax repealed –Alien and Sedition Acts allowed to expire –National Bank continued (attract more New Englanders to party) but reduce federal budget to pay down debt

11. Jefferson’s Presidency Louisiana Purchase – 1803, $15 million –Tested TJ’s strict constructionist views –TJ asked Congress to approve of the purchase in the treaty of cession Federalist argued purchase violated Constitution TJ based purchase on implied powers in the necessary and proper clause –Purchase Almost doubled the size of the US Gave the US control of the MS River Removed French threat from the frontier Aaron Burr –defected to Federalists & ran for Gov of NY in 1804 –Hamilton helped organize Burr’s defeat so he killed him in a duel –Burr fled after murder charge and tried to organize secession of Western territories Captures in 1807, found not guilty of treason (strict test in Constitution withstood) Went into exile

12. Frontier and Foreign Affairs Shawnee holy man the Prophet and Chief Tecumseh: –Tried to unite NAs from Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico –Built a village along Tippecanoe Creek in IN Territory Many NAs came to hear the Prophet speek 1811 Gen’l William Henry Harrison, Gov of IN Territory, led a force of 1000 on village Prophet led a surprise counter-attack and both sides suffered heavy losses Harrison burned the village in victory and claimed to have found British weapons among the NAs Napoleon continued long wars in Europe –Neutral US caught in middle with both Britain and France attacking ships for trading with the enemy –1807 HMS Leopard fired on USS Chesapeake and seized 4 sailors, TJ ordered Embargo Act against all foreign nations TJ hoped GB and France would be forced into recognizing US neutrality Embargo Act did little to hurt GB/France, but put US into a depression –Merchants, ship owners, sailors manufacturers lost work –Farmers lost foreign markets –TJ repealed the Embargo at the end of his 2 nd term

13. President Madison Dem-Reps won election of 1808 in spite of unpopular Embargo Act Sect of State James Madison defeated Federalist Charles Pinkney Macon’s Bill #2 –If France or GB officially agreed to respect US neutrality US would cut of trade w/ other nation –1811 - Napoleon agreed so US cut off trade with GB French continue to seize US ships & British blockade US port and impress US sailors June 16, 1812 GB suspended attacks on US because it needed food and markets and trade June 18, 1812 US declared war on GB (slow communication)

14. War of 1812 New Englanders did not support “Mr. Madison’s War” while War Hawks (Calhoun, Clay) in Congress pushed causes of war –Impressment of sailors & attacks on US ships and arming NAs on frontier –Desire to expand into British & Spanish territory & Strong nationalism Fighting: –Wanted to capture Canada, failed in several attempts, but did take Lake Erie and won the Battle of the Thames which held of a British advance –US had small militia and many NE govs refused to send troops –British defeated Napoleon in 1814 & turned full attention to the US with plan of 3-pronged attack: Invade from Canada (not successful, defeated at Lake Champlain) attack D.C. (captured, burned, stopped at Fort McHenry) attack New Orleans (soundly defeated by Gen. Andrew Jackson – 2 weeks after official end of the war) Hartford Convention, Dec. 1814 –Group of disgruntled NE Federalists secretly met and wrote 7 constitutional amendments –Feared new territory would be heavily Dem-Rep –Discussed and rejected secession, but Feds tainted by this Treaty of Ghent (JQ Adams, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin) –Ended fighting, did not solve problems, US held off strongest nation –NAs in upper Midwest no longer a threat to westward expansion

15. Section 3: Nationalism, Prosperity, Change 1815-1828 US changed greatly in foreign and domestic affairs President James Monroe of VA won election of 1816 after being Madison’s Sect of State ruled over the “Era of Good Feelings” and promised to look after interests of all Americans –Nationwide tour gave impression of unity –Strong nationalism resulted from War of 1812 –Federalists severely declined after opposition to War of 1812 and Dem-Reps ruled practically unopposed for 10 years –Monroe ran unopposed in reelection in 1820

16. Economic Issues American System (Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun) would limit economic dependence on other nations –Protective tariff for US manufacturing that had grown during embargo –Internal improvements (roads, canals) to aid trade between states and regions Second National Bank chartered in 1816 to restore confidence in currency and banking system Tariff of 1816 approved of my Mid-Atlantic and Western farmers, split New England National (Cumberland) Road used federal funds to build road from MD into WV and OH, but further expenditures on road were vetoed by Madison and Monroe as beyond the powers of the Constitution Panic of 1819 –Postwar boom led to frenzy of borrowing to build factories and buy land –Banks loaned too much with little collateral put down by borrowers –State banks issued currency not backed by specie –National bank tightened credit to stem speculation –Farmers and manufacturers couldn’t pay loans & banks closed –Depression lasted for 3 years

17. Slavery 1820, entry of MO would disrupt balance between 11 free and 11 slave states Tallmadge Amendment –Outlaw further importation of slaves into MO and freed all slaves on 25 th birthdays after MO statehood –House approved, Senate rejected ME petitioned to enter as a free state Missouri Compromise (constructed by Henry Clay) –ME admitted as free state, MO as slave –Future states made from LA Territory would be free North of 36-30 line –Delayed issue of slavery

18. Expanding Territory Rush-Bagot Agreement: GB agreed to not keep warships on the Great Lakes 1818: Boundary between LA Terr. & Canada at 49 th parallel Florida Territory belonged to Spain –White settlers, escaped slaves and servants, NAs forced from land, and escaped criminals entered FL –Americans in West FL declared independence and were admitted as US territory –Madison offered to buy East FL but Spain refused –Monroe sent Gen. A. Jackson into First Seminole War to stop NA raids into US territory –Adams Onis Treaty: East FL to US, US to give up claims to Texas, recognized US claims to OR Territory

19. Monroe Doctrine 1810-24 Spain lost all Latin American colonies except Cuba and PR –Valuable new trading partners for US & GB –Russia claimed Alaska and set up trading posts there GB urged US to issue joint declaration opposing intervention in N. Amer –Pres. Monroe, on the advice of Sect of State JQ Adams, issued statement alone –1823: Monroe Doctrine Proclamation warning European powers to not interfere in Western Hemisphere & US would stay out of European affairs US did not have the military might to back up statement, but no European power tested it (b/c GB supported it)

20. “Corrupt Bargain” Election of 1824 –Federalist party dead, so four republicans run with sectional favor: Crawford (GA) picked by caucus JQ Adams – favorite of New England Henry Clay (KY) – the Great Compromiser – favorite of the West Andrew Jackson (TN) – also a westerner, but popular support throughout states as a war hero –Jackson got the most electoral and popular votes, but not enough electoral to win so House voted Clay threw support to Adams and Adams won Adams named Clay Sect of State –Jackson and supporters called the deal a “corrupt bargain” costing him a rightful victory Clay supported Adams because they shared a belief in the American System and strong fed’l gov’t, but scandal of the “corrupt bargain” plagued JQs presidency

21. Transportation Revolution Canal Era –sped goods to customers, created new markets –allowed people (native-born and immigrants) to leave crowded East and settle on the frontier Erie Canal in NY to connect Northeast to the Great Lakes (most financially successful) By 1840 a network of canals linked the Northeast to newer states in the West Canals in OH, IN, KY, IL linked the Ohio and Miss. Rivers with the Great Lakes –Panic of 1837 and railroad ended Canal Era Railroads –Operating in 1830s, but not until Fulton’s improved steam engine of the 1850s did they totally overtake canals –More satisfactory than canals because they were more direct, not weather-dependent, cheaper –RRs spurred growth and settlement of the West more than canals and greatly expanded the US market economy

22. 1 st Industrial Revolution Factory system replaced domestic system by early 1800s in US –Embargo of 1807 and War of 1812 spurred this –First mills were water-powered in New England and later replaced by coal/steam Lowell System –Started by Francis Cabot Lowell and his Boston Associates who formed a corporation –Built a company town in Lowell, MA Experiment in factories w/o abuses of English system Strict rules for women workers made factory somewhat acceptable, but by 1830s women were replaced by immigrant families –Penniless families (including children) would work for less than the native-born women –Mill conditions worsened and in bad times (Panic of 1837) owners cut already extremely low wages Labor Unions appeared in 1820 to organized skilled workers –Demanded: higher wages, 10-hour workday, better conditions, end to debtors prisons –Several strikes were held in 1830s-40s, including women in Lowell, but owners threatened to replace workers and no demands were met –Influx of immigrants, esp Irish in 1840s, impeded growth of labor movement Cotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 –Kept South from industrializing with cotton being more profitable –Greatly expanded slavery in the South

23. Section 4: Sectionalism War of 1812 created strong sense of nationalism Economic changes brought on strong sectionalism dividing nation along the lines of economic self- interest: –Northeast –South –West

24. Deep South Cotton agriculture spread greatly after the cotton gin creating huge demand for labor –Slave importation ended in 1808 creating a thriving internal market for slaves –1860, 4xs as many slaves as 1808 Slaves viewed as property –Splitting up families common –worst fear to be “sold down the river” to the cotton factories of the Deep South (AL, MS, AR, LA, TX) –Slaves worked from dawn to dusk under white overseer and slave driver –Women and children worked alongside men in the fields with few trained as house servants or skilled craftsmen

25. Slave Uprisings Slaves rebelled from the earliest times and faced execution when caught with stricter slave codes enacted after each incident Slave uprisings instilled great fear into whites: –Stono Uprising, SC, 1739 20 slaves tried to escape to St. Augustine, FL Caught, captured, executed –Gabriel Prosser’s Conspiracy, VA –Denmark Vessy’s Conspiracy, SC –Nat Turner Rebellion, VA Slaves resisted in other, non-violent ways by slow work and sabotaging tools/machines

26. “Cotton Kingdom” Antebellum South actually much more diverse than cotton plantations –VA, KY, TN, NC raised tobacco, LA’s main crop was sugar, swampy areas of GA and SC grew rice –Only about 50,000 large plantations in the South, but hundreds of thousands of small farms with most southerners living at subsistence level Cotton was major export of the South, so little industry developed –10% of US factories were in the South with few canals, RRs, large cities so South remained rural –Farmers had little free capital to invest in factories “Cotton Culture” gave rise to rigid class system –Planters – leaders of region, owned 20-200 slaves, best land –Small slaveholders – >20 slaves, medium farms, little influence –Tenant farmers – poor land, in debt –Poor whites – frontier families, mountains/rocky soil, hunted for food, sometimes day-laborer –Free blacks – ½ of all blacks in US by 1830, Southern legislatures severely limited their freedom (no vote, trial by jury, school, testify against white, assemble in group w/o white person present) –Slaves – no rights, considered chattel Southern mentality & economy supported slavery –Increased demand for cotton = need for cheap labor & Climate allowed almost year-round farming –Argued slavery actually helped slaves (food, house)

27. Northern Society 1790-1815 250k Europeans immigrated to US & 1820-60 4.6 million (esp Irish in 1840s) –Cheap labor for industry –Pull factors: economic opportunity created by industrialization, transportation rev, westward expansion –Push factors: lack of economic opp, crop failures, political instability Nativist backlash over –Fear of immigrants taking jobs –Threats to American way of life (immigrants tended to live in separate communities) –Fear of influx of revolutionary ideas –Anti-Catholic prejudice

28. Western Frontier 1790s-1820 Western frontier pushed to MS River –Great Plains considered “Great American Desert” –Trailblazing mountain men set out fo OR Terr for the fur trade 1840, Northwest Territory divided into five states – MI, OH, IN, IL, MO –Large farm families started as self- sufficient –Steel plow and mechanical reaper allowed midwest farmers to raise cash crops Transportation helped transform upper Midwest into major grain producing region of US Towns grew especially near RR junctions to serve the farmers who now had $ to spend

29. Native Americans Native Americans forced out of Northwest Territory after the Battle of Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greenville –Forced Native Amer’s to give up most land –1831, Black Hawk War forced Sauk and Fox tribes out of IL and WI into Iowa Old Southwest (South of Ohio, between App Mts and MS River) –Five Civilized Tribes had converted to Christianity and become farmers, but stood in the way of white settlers –Indian Removal Act 1830 gave Pres Jackson power to force Indians into Indian Territory Cherokee were recognized as a separate nation by US since 1790 and used courts to fight for their rights Even when Cherokee won court battle, whites still pushed onto their land and Pres. Jackson and Van Buren disregarded court decisions –Pres Van Buren sent the army to forcibly move Cherokee to Indian Territory –“Trail of Tears” saw thousands of Cherokee die on the journey to OK

30. Section 5: Age of Jackson, 1828-1848 “Age of Jackson” 1828-1848 –Sectional rivalries dominate politics and economics –Expanded voting rights gave rise to “Age of the Common Man” Election of 1828, JQ Adams vs. A Jackson –First President born West of Appalachians –Political center of US shifting away from East Coast –Leaders no longer solely from educated elite –Great increase in # of voters –Democratic Party (supporters of Jackson) arose –Republicans (old Dem-Reps) became National Republicans (supporters of Adams)

31. Jacksonian Democracy 1828 election: changes in voting requirements with emphasis on equality in the West –Property & religious tests dropped by states –By 1820s all free white taxpaying men could vote and free black men could vote in some Northern states –Women and slaves were excluded Commom man expected leaders to seek their opinions and represent their views –More offices became elected (sheriffs, judges) –More people involved in politics and more organization at grassroots level –Nominating conventions began to replace caucuses –Need for political support among the masses led to political patronage aka “spoils system” –Changes reflected belief in the ability of ordinary people to govern

32. Whigs and Democrats Jackson supporters began calling themselves “Democrats” –After Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican party –Broad base of support among ordinary people and Westerners Whigs formed during election of 1832 –National Republicans plus Jackson’s opponents in the Democratic Party Henry Clay as candidate –Took name from opponents of King George III calling Jackson “King Andrew” –Whigs supported protective tariff, strong national bank –Whig elected Pres in 1840 & 44 –Sectional and economic differences (esp slavery) divided party –Death of strong Whigs Clay and Daniel Webster lead to disappearance of party by 1850s

33. Domestic Affairs Maysville Road Veto –Congress passed funds to extend Cumberland Road for internal improvements –Jackson vetoed bill and appeared to support states rights by limiting power of fed’l gov’t Tariff of 1824 raised higher in 1828 –Called Tariff of Abominations in the South Cotton exports fell as trade not as beneficial for Europeans Congress lowered tariff on some items, bout southerners felt it wasn’t enough –South Carolina passed Ordinance of Nullification Declared tariff null & void & would secede if fed’l gov’t attempted to collect it South believed Jackson would support SC on grounds of states rights and as a fellow slave owner Jackson stood behind the Constitution and pushed for a Force Bill allowing the army and Navy to collect the tariff Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser, negotiated an acceptable tariff for SC who repealed nullification ordinance ending the Nullification Crisis

34. Second Bank Jackson distrusted the Second Bank: –Run by wealthy for own self-interest –Too much influence over economic policy Bank President Nicholas Biddle wanted to renew charter early in 1832, not 1836 –Make bank a political issue in election of 32 –Henry Clay, Whig candidate & supporter of Bank, introduced bill in House –Congress voted to re-charter bank, but Jackson vetoed Clay and Webster pushed for necessity of Bank in the election, but Westerners, Southerners and working class voters reelected Jackson Jackson destroyed Bank by 1933 regardless of law –Removed all federal $ –Took 3 Sect of Treasuries to agree to it –Put $ in state banks called “pet banks” by Whigs Biddle responded by restricting credit to state banks and reducing currency in circulation causing credit to dry up –Biddle blamed Jackson but Democrats felt vindicated as Bank too dangerous –Biddle relented and re-issued credit

35. Pres. Van Buren John C Calhoun had been Jackson’s VP in 1832, but broke with him over the nullification issue and state’s rights Jackson chose Martin Van Buren as his presidential successor in 1836 Van Buren immediately faced Panic of 1837 –Specie Circular – Jackson’s attempt to halt speculation by requiring gold/silver to purchase gov’t land –Reduced British investments due to their own economic troubles –Lack of national banking system and stable currency Van Buren did not like national banks, but had seen too many small banks fail –Independent Treasury Act Separate federal treasury from banking system Vaults installed in selected cities to hold federal tax $ backed by gold Congress approved in 1840, repealed in 1841, reinstated in 1848 Replaced by Federal Reserve Act in 1913

36. Changing Society and Emerging Culture Reform movements will be spurred by Second Great Awakening starting in 1790s –Evangelical religious revival –Many schools and universities established Increased political participation and religious revival encouraged movement for public education –Prior to 1830 only a priority in New England –Reformers called for public schools to Educate future voters Prevent social ills like poverty and crime –Taxes to pay for schools became an issue Some religious groups had own schools so did not want to pay additional tax for schools Westerners tended to see education of only the basics as necessary Some questioned if and how to educate African Americans

37. Utopian Experiments Some reformers formed small communities of like-minded individuals –Utopian attempts: Oneida Community, Shakers, New Harmony, IN tried socialism –Other groups formed based on religion Mormons formed Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints created by Joseph Smith –In OH, IL, MO where they were persecuted for: Took offense to Mormon teachings of receiving revelations from God in the Book of Mormon Polygamy Feared Mormons would oppose slavery in MO –Persecution led to the group settling in UT which was still under Mexican control and founded Salt Lake City under Brigham Young

38. Transcendentalism American literary movement emphasizing –Unity and divinity of human beings and nature –Value of intuition over reason –Self-reliance –Individual consciousness Authors included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller Influenced American writers like Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, & Walt Whitman –Created national literature taking themes, settings, and characters from the US –Transformed America’s image of itself as not inferior to Europe –James Fenimore Cooper: used frontier as heroic setting –Washington Irving integrated Hudson River Valley setting –Nathaniel Hawthorne used Puritanism as backdrop to stories Romanticism took on a uniquely American characteristic in Hudson River School

39. Women’s Rights Reforms sought to change –Limited education for girls, esp poor –Professional training for women –Property ownership/contracts/right to wages for married women –Legal rights for mothers over children –Voting, holding public office, public speaking Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 –1 st women’s rights conference –Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led delegates in creating Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (modeled on Dec of Ind)

40. Social Reform Movements Abolition –Crossover from women’s rights with leaders like Sojourner Truth involved in both –Frederick Douglass, the best-known African American abolitionist also called for voting rights for women –Early 1800s, anti-slavery movement present in all sections of the nation, but with profit of cotton, Southerners spoke out less and less –1836-1844 Southerners pushed gag rules through Congress allowing any petition questioning slavery to be dismissed without debate Temperance movement blamed all social ills (poverty, crime, mental illness, abuse) on heavy drinking Dorothea Dix et al helped bring about reforms for the mentally ill and criminals –Hospitals for mentally ill (not prison) –Segregation of male and female prisoners –Segregation of youth from adult –Elimination of debtors prison –Whipping of prisoners abolished in many states