2. Why Study Electromagnetics? Electromagnetics is everywhere!!!  It’s around you..hmm…but you cannot detect it.  It’s the basic from which circuit theory is developed. Maxwell’s Equations Kirchhoff's laws  Its essential for a communication, signals are sent as Electromagnetic waves

3. What is Electromagnetics? restmotion

4. Where Electromagnetic waves? Signals Amplification Modulation Antennas “This part of the program is sponsored by” EM waves……….!!!!

5. 5 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields Maxwell’s equations Fundamental laws of classical electromagnetics Special cases Electro- statics Magneto- statics Electro- magnetic waves Kirchoff’s Laws Statics: Geometric Optics Transmission Line Theory Circuit Theory Input from other disciplines

6. 6 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields transmitter and receiver are connected by a “field.”

7. 7 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields When an event in one place has an effect on something at a different location, we talk about the events as being connected by a “field”. A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity; in general, it can be either scalar or vector in nature. Electric and magnetic fields: Are vector fields with three spatial components. Vary as a function of position in 3D space as well as time. Are governed by partial differential equations derived from Maxwell’s equations.

8. 8 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields A scalar is a quantity having only an amplitude (and possibly phase). A vector is a quantity having direction in addition to amplitude (and possibly phase). Examples: voltage, current, charge, energy, temperature Examples: velocity, acceleration, force

9. 9 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields Fundamental vector field quantities in electromagnetics: Electric field intensity Electric flux density (electric displacement) Magnetic field intensity Magnetic flux density units = volts per meter (V/m = kg m/A/s 3 ) units = coulombs per square meter (C/m 2 = A s /m 2 ) units = amps per meter (A/m) units = teslas = webers per square meter (T = Wb/ m 2 = kg/A/s 3 )

10. 10 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields Universal constants in electromagnetics: Velocity of an electromagnetic wave (e.g., light) in free space (perfect vacuum) Permeability of free space Permittivity of free space: Intrinsic impedance of free space:

11. 11 Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields In free space: Relationships involving the universal constants:

12. Entire subject in one slide…!!!!!!

13. Maxwell’s equation Electrostatics (Only E-field) Magnetostatics (Only H-field) Electromagnetic waves (both E&H field ) Fundamental laws of electromagnetics

14. SOME TOOLS FROM OUR MATHS TOOL KIT DEL operator- An operator that we are going to do operations on scalars and vectors Does not have any significance its own, but have significance when it OPERATES

15. DEL OPERATOR-PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION ‘ T ’ be a scalar and we are operating on T RESULT OF OPERATION?????  T is a vector in the direction of the most rapid change of T, and its magnitude is equal to this rate of change If u substitute a point we get a direction in which a maximum variation from that point occurs

16. ‘ T ’ be a vector and we are operating on T RESULT OF OPERATION?????  T is the net flux of T per unit volume at the point considered, counting vectors into the volume as negative, and vectors out of the volume as positive. DEL OPERATOR-PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION

17. Known as Gradient of a scalar Known as Divergence of a vector

25. SOME MORE APPLICATIONS!!!! o Electromagnetics = Electricity + Magnetics o A great deal of modern technology depends upon the advent electromagnetics waves. o Radio, television, mobile phones and the Internet rely on the transmission of radio frequency EMR through air, space or fiber optic cables. o The lasers used to record and play DVDs and audio CDs use light waves to write to and read from the discs. o Its breakthrough in medicine and telecommunication application happens to be the greatest achievement of all

26. ELECTROMAGNETICS IN MODERN MEDICINE  Electromagnetics intervention in medicine has achieved a breakthrough in aspects where conventional medicine failed such as:  Detection of internal medical problems in the body such as broken bones and fractures  Early detection of cancer  Location and treatment of Cancer and Tumours  Treatment of Hyperthermia  Monitoring of Patients in coma or intensive care units  Diagnosis and treatment of Epilepsy and Brain failure  Electrocardiography and Electroencephalography

27. o A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine o A mobile X-ray Machine o A soft X-ray and Mammography Machine SOME ELECTROMAGNETICS EQUIPMENTS IN MODERN MEDICINE

28. ELECTROMAGNETICS IN COMMUNICATION  The discovery of electromagnetic waves has made Communication easier and less tedious  Wireless communication has taken over in almost all available aspects  Electromagnetic waves made it easier to send information over long distance through space  Electromagnetic waves are used in the following aspects of telecommunication:  Radio waves  Amplitude and Frequency Modulation  Radar Technology  Microwave Communication  Telemetry

29. A radio wave antenna for receiving information from outer space A Radar antenna for sending and receiving information A Base Transceiver Station equipment used in encoding and decoding information to be sent and received SOME ELECTROMAGNETICS COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENTS  Telecommunication equipments include antennas, satellite receivers and so on  They are used to send and receive information through electromagnetic waves in space

30. Some antennas used for sending and receiving electromagnetic signals Telemetry; which is an automatic process of making measurements from a remote location and transmitting those measurements to receiving equipment also utilizes these antennas.

31. Advantages Electromagnetic energy is clean. It is not polluting like oil and coal energy sources, nor do we have to destroy the environment to get the raw materials--electrons are everywhere. It has no radioactive components that can explode violently or produce dangerous radioactivity for thousands of years. It also is renewable--we will never run out of electrons or magnetism. Besides being clean and renewable, electricity is versatile. We already know hundreds of ways to use electricity to cool, to heat and to drive motors of all sizes to perform all kinds of work. Electricity can be made to work on extremely small scales, such as in microchips. For packing a lot of information-processing power into a low energy-consuming package there is no other power source that even comes close.

32. Disadvantages The wireless transmission of electrical power is an idea that goes back to at least the early part of the 20th century. Nikola Tesla (a contemporary of Thomas Edison) worked on the project and discovered the chief disadvantage: It is not easy to achieve. This challenge remains the major disadvantage. Even if it was easy, there is another disadvantage that worries many people: is it safe. Most researchers have concluded that Radio Frequency (RF) waves--the proposed means of transmission--are completely safe and that RF has no affect on living tissue. Not everybody agrees.

33. New development Electromagnetic power transmission is already a reality on a small scale. Joshua R. Smith, an Intel researcher in Seattle, has developed a device that collects power from ambient RF signals. These signals from radio and television broadcasts largely go to waste. The air is full of these signals. Only a small percent of the energy goes into activating the antennas of interested receivers--the rest goes into trees, houses, the ground or into outer space. Enough of this ambient energy already exists to power a large handheld calculator or an iPhone.

34. Electromagnetics has successfully made life easier in the area of modern medicine and communications due to its contribution in aspects like: Satellite Communication TV and mobile Communication Wireless Communication Microwave Communication Bio-medical systems Radiation therapy Remote sensing radars Radio astronomy radars And many more Electromagnetics has therefore helped in increasing in life expectancy, easier communication, reduced mortality rate etc. CONCLUSION

35. FaradayMaxwellHertz APPRECIATION Credits should be given to scientist such as Michael Faraday, James Clark Maxwell and Heinreich Rudolf Hertz for their breakthrough researches in electromagnetics thus creating a bedrock for modern medicine and communications

36. REFERENCES: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electri c/electromagnetics.html http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/electri c/electromagnetics.html http://www.slideshare.net/jayaraju_2002/maxwell s-equations http://www.slideshare.net/jayaraju_2002/maxwell s-equations http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/Courses/ppd1050 /Lecture23.ppt http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/Courses/ppd1050 /Lecture23.ppt http://www.slideshare.net/ritu2012/electromagne tics introduction.html http://www.slideshare.net/ritu2012/electromagne tics introduction.html