1. AP Psych Exam Review 2015

2. Nature vs. Nurture- twin studies

3. Methods of Research ● hindsight bias ● overconfidence ● intuition ● ethical principles ● hypothesis ● random selection ● random assignment o names from a hat! ● experimentation o IV o DV o control group o experimental group

4. Parts of the Brain Hemisphere Specialization ● Left vs. Right ● Corpus Callosum ● Fissure ● Split Brain Patients o Michael Gazzaniga

5. Parts of the Brain Cerebral Cortex (Upper Brain) ● Frontal lobe ● Parietal lobe ● Occipital lobe ● Temporal lobe o Motor cortex o Sensory cortex Association Areas: ❏ Frontal association area ❏ Prefrontal area ❏ Broca’s area ❏ Wernicke’s area

6. Parts of the Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

7. Parts of the Brain ● Brain Stem o midbrain and hindbrain ● Midbrain o reticular formation ● Hindbrain o medulla o reticular formation o cerebellum o pons ● Forebrain o cerebral cortex o hypothalamus o thalamus o limbic system

8. Brain Imaging Techniques 1.EEG 2.CT scan 3.PET scan- glucose! 4.MRI 5.fMRI 1. 4. 3. 2. 5.

9. Neurons and Neurotransmitters ●resting potential ●depolarization ●threshold ●action potential ●repolarization ●absolute refractory period ●hyperpolarization ●Agonist ●Antagonist

10. Nervous Systems ● Central o brain o spinal cord ● Peripheral o Everything else!  S.A.M.E. o Autonomic  sympathetic  parasympathetic o Somatic How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous systems??

11. Sensory Processes- the eye ● Major Parts of the eye: o cornea o iris o pupil o lens o retina o rods and cones (aka photoreceptors) o bipolar cells o ganglion cells o optic nerve ● Major components of the visual process: o white light o fovea o blind spot o trichromatic color theory o opponent process theory (after images) o brightness (intensity) o hue (wavelength- smurfs, leprechauns, clifford) ● Where does transduction take place???

12. Sensory Processes- the ear ● Parts of the ear: ● Middle Ear- HAS 3 tiny bones o hammer, anvil. stirrup o malleus, incus, stapes o Damage? conduction hearing loss ● Inner Ear- o cochlea o basilar membrane o cilia o Damage? sensorineural hearing loss ● Audition Process: o pitch (frequency) o loudness (amplitude) o place theory o frequency theory o sound localization ● Where does transduction take place???

13. Sensory Processes ● Gustation- taste ● Olfaction- smell ● Somatic senses- touch o gate control theory  substance p and endorphins ● Other senses: o Kinesthetic o Vestibular ● Absolute threshold ● Difference threshold o Weber’s Law o Signal Detection Theory

14. Perception ● Top down processing vs. Bottom up processing ● Gestalt principles o figure-ground, closure, etc. ● Depth perception: o visual cliff experiment o binocular cues- retinal disparity o monocular cues  relative size  relative motion  relative height  linear perspective  texture gradient ● Phi phenomenon ● Perceptual constancies o brightness, color, size, motion

15. Development and Key Theories ● Prenatal o Zygote, Embryo, Fetus  maturation  temperament  assimilation/accommodation schemas ● Late Adulthood o Intelligence- crystallized/fluid ● Piaget- cognitive development o 4 stages ● Vygotsky- cognitive

16. Development and Key Theories ● Kohlberg and Gilligan- o moral development ● Baumrind- o parenting styles  permissive  authoritative  authoritarian ● Harlow- o attachment  cloth vs. wire monkey with food ● Ainsworth- o attachment  strange situation experiment ● Lorenz- o Imprinting

17. Development and Key Theories ● Erikson- Psychosocial Development ● Freud- Psychosexual Stages ● Neo-Freudians Oedipus Complex

18. Freud Personality Theory ● Levels of consciousness ● Personality structure o id, ego, superego o Oedipus Complex ● Defense mechanisms ● Projective tests o inkblot o TAT

19. Emotion and Stress ● James-Lange Theory ● Cannon-Bard Theory ● Singer-Schacter (2 factor/cognitive) Theory General Adaptation System ARE you stressed? Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

20. Statistics ● Normal distribution o 68% within 1 SD o 96% within 2 SD ● Descriptive statistics o correlation o strongest closest to 1 or -1 ● Inferential statistics o statistical significance o p value less than/equal to.05

21. Learning ● Classical Conditioning o Pavlov ● Operant Conditioning o Skinner o Watson ● Observational/Social Learning o Bandura ● generalization ● discrimination ● extinction ● schedules of reinforcement o partial/variable o ratio/interval

22. Memory and Cognition

23. Theories of Motivation ● Drive reduction theory ● Optimum arousal theory ● Incentive theory ● Instinct theory ● Maslow’s theory of self-actualization

24. Abnormal- disorders ● DSM- 5 Disorder Categories: ● anxiety o Generalized anxiety disorders, Panic disorders, Specific Phobias, Social Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia ● trauma/stress related o PTSD, OCD ● depressive disorders o MDD, PDD, DMDD ● bipolar and related o bipolar 1, bipolar 2, other bipolar ● dissociative o amnesia, fugue, DID ● somatoform o somatic symptom, conversion ● neurodevelopmental o ASD ● schizophrenia ● personality disorders

25. Abnormal- treatment ● Psychoanalysis (Psychodynamic) o Freud, free association, resistance, transference, dream interpretation ● Humanism o clients! o Carl Rogers, active listening, unconditional positive regard, gestalt ● Behavioral o Mary Cover Jones, counterconditioning, aversive conditioning, systematic desensitization ● Cognitive o Aaron Beck, change thoughts! ● Cognitive-Behavioral o Albert Ellis, ABC model- rational emotive therapy ● Group and Family therapy o communication, problem solving, common goals ● Biomedical o psychoactive drugs, ECT, psychosurgery