1. Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 13: Peace, Prosperity, and Peril Study Presentation ©2005 Clairmont Press

2. Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: The 1980s The 1980sThe 1980s Section 2: The 1990s The 1990sThe 1990s Section 3: Terrorism at Home and Abroad Terrorism at Home and AbroadTerrorism at Home and Abroad Section 4: Georgia in a New Century Georgia in a New CenturyGeorgia in a New Century ©2005 Clairmont Press

3. Section 1: The 1980s SS8H12: The student will explain the importance of significant social, economic, and political developments in Georgia since 1970 ESSENTIAL QUESTION : – How did Georgia change during the 1980s?

4. Section 1: The 1980s What words do I need to know? –telecommute –email –Reaganomics –Quality Basic Education –Per capita income

5. Jimmy Carter was born in Plains, Georgia on October 1, 1924. Attended both GA South-western and GA Tech before graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy Served in the United States submarine force

6. Jimmy Carter as State Senator -Father was a State Senator in Georgia -Jimmy ran for state senate from the Fourteenth District in 1962. -Once elected, Carter devoted time and attention to educational affairs during his two senate terms. -Georgians desire to remain segregated in the public schools made things difficult

7. -Elected as Governor in 1970 -Called for an end to racial discrimination - Appointed many minorities and women as governor Jimmy Carter as Governor

8. Jimmy Carter as President -Carter decided to run for president in 1976 -Emphasized peace and human rights -Camp David Accords -Peace between Israel and Egypt while the President was at Camp David (Presidential Retreat) -Problems with Presidency -Oil Embargo -Iranian Hostage Crisis -High Interest Rates

9. Jimmy Carter as President Created the Department of Education Created the Department of Energy

10. Jimmy Carter as President The Iranian Hostage crisis, increased gas and energy cost, along with a economic recession hurt Carter’s bid for reelection. He was defeated by Ronald Reagan.

11. Jimmy Carter as Humanitarian Won the Nobel prize in 2002 for his tireless work and staunch commitment to human rights and nonviolence around the world. Only other winner from Georgia – MLK, Jr.

12. STATE SENATOR GOVERNOR United States PRESIDENT Humanitarian WHO WAS JIMMY CARTER? Habitat for Humanity Nobel Peace Prize Carter Center to help human rights Created Dept of Education & Energy Camp David Accords Middle East Peace 1979 Iran Hostage Crisis 1 st Deep South governor to speak out against segregation and racism Provided opportunities for blacks and women in government Improved schools Helped improve education in the state

13. 1980s The age of the personal computerpersonal computer email: sending messages by computer telecommute: work at home while keeping in touch with the office by computer Schools began to purchase computers Other technology: ATMs, FAX machines, cellular phones, Internet, scanners More television channels added with cable and satellite service

14. Georgia During the 1980s Governors –George Busbee: 1975-1983 – foreign investment increased; expanded Department of Industry and Trade; expanded ports and highway system –Joe Frank Harris: 1983-1991 – brought over 850,000 jobs; Georgia Dome; World Congress Center expansion Educational Improvements –Full-day kindergarten; increased teachers’ salaries; testing of teachers; QBE (Quality Basic Education) standard curriculum Georgia Gets a New Constitution –Adopted 1982 after 5 years work to shorten it

15. The End of the Cold War Ronald Reagan: “Great Communicator” elected president – served 1981-1989Ronald Reagan Reaganomics: “supply-side” economics, tax cuts, heavy defense spending, limited government, limited regulation on business Reagan tough with USSR By end of 1980s, Cold War ending Mikhail Gorbachev: leader of USSR 1989: Berlin Wall came downBerlin Wall 1991: Communist USSR government collapsed

17. SS8H12a Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment.

18. ONE MAN ONE VOTE Elections now based on the popular vote URBAN > RURAL Urban areas now have more power than rural counties END OF WHITE SUPREMACY Racists no longer controlled politics in Georgia END OF THE COUNTY UNIT SYSTEM

20. Political Changes “One Person, One Vote”: The concept that each citizen’s vote should equal every other citizen’s vote County-unit system –Allowed rural counties to control GA politics with little power for cities like Atlanta –Started in 1898 –Unfair because Because Rural counties had more power, Democrats stayed in power Rural counties – 30% or less of the state population –But had 59% of the voting power –Was declared unconstitutional in 1962

21. County Unit System Upon being declared unconstitutional, there were now more representatives from urban areas Reapportionment – General Assembly had to reapportion (redraw) voting districts to ensure districts of equal population size

22. Challenges for the Future 10.1 million people live in Georgia (2015) – large increase puts demands on environment; more traffic, pollution and less resources. Three main challenges: 1. water resources 2. differences between urban (city) and rural (country) GA 3. tremendous population growth Alabama, Florida and US government have demanded Georgia reduce water use and pollution Difficult to fund services such as schools in rural areas as those areas do not generate enough tax revenue (mainly through property and sales taxes).

23. The Two-Georgia Debate Continues Population of Georgia grew in 1980s People moved to Georgia for mild climate, low taxes, low fuel costs, land, and non-union workers Georgia now one of the fastest growing statesGeorgia Two Georgias: –Atlanta: fast growing and prosperous, generating most taxes, expanding business –Rural: declining population, more poverty, higher unemployment, young people moved to urban areas Click to return to Table of Contents.

24. Section 2: The 1990s ESSENTIAL QUESTION: –How did Georgia change economically and politically in the 1990s?

25. Section 2: The 1990s What words do I need to know? –downsizing –bankruptcy –HOPE scholarship program –infrastructure

26. The 1990s recession: economic slowdown; decreased demand for products and services, increased unemployment, decreased wages downsizing: companies’ reaction to recession – firing workers to cut costs When workers don’t have jobs, they don’t spend money, causing greater recession Many Georgians filed for bankruptcy protection because they had borrowed more money on credit than they could pay back

27. The Persian Gulf War August 1990: Iraq (led by Saddam Hussein) invaded Kuwait President George Herbert Walker Bush joined Operation Desert Shield and later Desert Storm to free Kuwait from Saddam HusseinDesert Storm January 16, 1991: US and allies began bombing Iraq March 3, 1991: Iraq accepts terms of cease fire and begins to leave Kuwait Ecological disaster left behind: oil fires, 10 million gallons of oil dumped in Persian Gulf

28. SS8H12d Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia.

31. Georgia Hosts the Olympics Summer 1996: Atlanta hosted XXVI Olympiad XXVI Olympiad –Lasted from July 19- August 4 10,000 athletes from 197 countries Brought international attention to the city and state AND LOTS OF MONEY!! Planning was done by Billy Payne and Atlanta Mayor – Andrew Young in 1987

32. 1996 Olympic Summer Games 1996 Olympic Summer Games held in Atlanta, Georgia. Events were also held in the cities of Savannah, Columbus, Athens, Gainesville, and Cleveland. Major economic impact on Georgia. Hotels added 7,500 new rooms and new sports venues and event sites were created (such as the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park) More than 72 million visitors came to Atlanta during the Olympics Helped to create large amounts of tax revenue for Atlanta, Georgia. Also, helped to increase the popularity and media exposure of Atlanta as a major southern city.

33. July 29, 1996: Bomb in Olympic Park killed one visitor and injured 117 Traffic problems brought much criticism Too many street vendors and commercialism were other concerns “Southern hospitality” and athletic competition were noteworthy

35. Political Changes in a Conservative South Conservative voters elected conservative Democrats and Republicans In 1980, Mack Mattingly was first Republican US Senator since Reconstruction – by 1992, most were Republicans Cynthia McKinney: Democrat, first black woman elected from Georgia to Congress John Lewis: Democrat, civil rights leader, senior member of Georgia’s congressional delegation

36. Political Changes in a Conservative South Newt Gingrich: Republican, became Speaker of the US House in 1994, “Contract with America” promised to reduce size of government, resigned in 1998 after poor election results for Republicans Sam Nunn: Democrat, served as US Senator 1972- 1996, expert on military affairs Zell Miller: Democrat, Lt. Governor then Governor (1990-1999), known for educational improvements, “boot-camp” style prisons, state lottery for education – pre-Kindergarten, HOPE scholarships, promoted growth in North Georgia, became US Senator from Georgia

37. Section 3: Terrorism at Home and Abroad ESSENTIAL QUESTION – How did the acts of terrorists change Georgia?

38. Section 3: Terrorism at Home and Abroad What words do I need to know? –terrorism –al-Qaeda

39. Terrorism at Home and Abroad terrorism: acts of violence aimed at demoralizing or intimidating others 1993: bomb at World Trade Center garage in New York City 1995: Oklahoma City Murrah Federal Building – car bomb kills 168 people 1998: US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania bombed killing hundreds, injuring thousands – attacks linked to al-Qaeda al-Qaeda: Islamic terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden – wealthy Saudi Arabian terrorist 2000: USS Cole attacked 2001: George W. Bush becomes president

40. “The Day That Changed America” September 11, 2001: Islamic terrorists hijack US passenger planes and crash them into the World Trade Center and Pentagon One additional plane (United flight 93) was re- taken by passengers but crashed in Pennsylvania WTC towers collapse killing 2,774 The War on Terror began shortly after 9/11 as the United States began to fight against countries that harbored and funded terrorist groups.

41. Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom al-Qaeda linked to the September 11 attacks – based in Afghanistan October 2001: Operation Enduring Freedom – US and other nations’ troops invade Afghanistan to destroy al- Qaeda camps and destroy Taliban government Osama bin Laden escaped Saddam Hussein in Iraq continued to violate UN resolutions regarding weapons of mass destruction and inspections March 19, 2003: US and coalition forces attack Iraq – combat phase over by May Weapons of mass destruction were not found Saddam Hussein captured and later executed on December 30, 2006.

42. A Touch of Home Officers in Iraq told not to raise the US flag since the Iraqis were not defeated – only their dictator defeated April 2003 – Georgia troops in Iraq make the news raising flag of the University of Georgia Bulldogs!University of Georgia Bulldogs Click to return to Table of Contents.

44. Section 4: Georgia in a New Century ESSENTIAL QUESTION –What important issues face Georgians in the 21 st century?

45. Section 4: Georgia in a New Century What words do I need to know? –Georgia Regional Transportation Authority

46. Roy E. Barnes 1999: Roy Barnes, Democrat, becomes governor Served 24 years in legislature Costliest campaign for governor in GA history Worked to change the state flag, reform education, and build transportation projects such as the Northern Arcstate flag

47. The State Flag Issue 1956: Georgia flag changed to incorporate the St. Andrew’s cross, a Confederate battle emblem Some African Americans were offended as were some modern leaders – concerned the flag focused on slavery and the past Governor Barnes led effort to have flag changed New flag approved in 2001 but was unpopular The flag controversy was one factor in Barnes losing his re-election bid for governor 2003: Governor Sonny Purdue signed bill creating new Georgia flag

48. Education Reform Barnes began reduction of class sizes in lower grades, a building and renovation program for schools, and addition of school nurses Student achievement did not improve greatly Barnes was not re-elected and many of his reforms did not continue

49. Highway Issues Pollution and traffic congestion in Atlanta were problemsPollution Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA) created by Gov. Barnes to address traffic problems Auto pollution (emissions) were reducedemissions Plans for 59-mile Northern Arc north of Atlanta were put on hold by Gov. Barnes and abandoned by Gov. Purdue

50. Georgia Elects Republican Governor Sonny Purdue, Republican, elected in 2002 First Republican governor in Georgia in 130 years Georgia legislature had Democratic majority until 2004 Georgians elected Republicans to the US Senate and most of US House of Representatives Voters gave Georgia a two-party system

51. SS8H12c Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia

52. Rise of the Two-Party System Political shift in Georgia (and other southern states) during the 1980’s and 1990’s. Increase in the amount of conservatives (mainly Republicans), especially in national elections. As more Republicans were elected to office Georgia began to have a real Two-Party (Democrats and Republicans) System for the first time in over 100 years. Notable Elections in the rise of the Two-Party System: –1980 – Mack Mattingly becomes first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction. –1992 – Republicans win most Georgia’s congressional elections; however, Atlanta Democrat Cynthia McKinney became the first African American woman from GA to be elected to Congress. –1994 – Republicans gain a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years; GA’s Newt Gingrich is elected Speaker of the House. –2002 – Sonny Perdue elected Governor of GA; first Republican Governor since Reconstruction.

53. 1877 - 1970 Conservative Democrats controlled Georgia politics White supremacy, County Unit System, disenfranchisement of blacks, and Jim Crow laws ONE PARTY SYSTEM 1970 - Present Conservative Republicans and Liberal Democrats White supremacy decreased Equal opportunity increased Standard of living has increased for all Georgians TWO PARTY SYSTEM IMPACT OF TWO-PARTY SYSTEM

54. Immigrants Coming to GA Immigrants – People who move to an area from other countries. 1965 – Large numbers of immigrants began coming to the United States. By the 1970’s almost 4.5 million people legally entered the country. Many of the immigrants coming to the United States are illegal In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act created penalties and punishments for companies that hire illegal immigrants. However, these immigrants often times help fill jobs in farming and manufacturing.

55. Factors for Population Growth –Good climate –Good jobs –Low cost of living Hispanic Immigrants –1990’s – GA’s Hispanic population Tripled! Crop harvesting, carpet manufacturing, poultry processing, construction, landscaping