1. The Presidential Election of 1808 The Presidential Election of 1808 was between: –Democratic-Republican James Madison –Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Madison won the electoral vote 122 to 47 64.7% to 32.4% James Madison becomes the fourth president of the United States

2. James Madison Considered “Father of the Constitution” One of the authors of the Federalist Papers One of the original members of the House of Representatives U.S. diplomat during the Louisiana Purchase The Fifth Secretary of the State –Served in Thomas Jefferson’s Cabinet

3. Jefferson and Madison gained massive popularity for the Democratic-Republican party –The Federalist Party started losing political support –The Federalist Party supported an official alliance with Britain The decline in Federalist support also meant a decline in favor of an alliance with Britain

4. More Naval Conflicts with Britain Though Jay’s Treaty of 1793 temporarily created peace between England and America, tensions began to mount once again. *REMEMBER, England and France were at war and America wanted to remain neutral  But traded with BOTH countries John Jay

5. In 1807, England began to, once again, interrupt and stop trading between America and France. Jay’s Treaty required England to stop seizing U.S. ships sailing to Europe. –Britain claimed that they were searching for British Navy Evaders who wanted to become naturalized American citizens.

6. The U.S. believed that under its Constitution, British deserters were allowed to become American citizens if they desired. England did not recognize or honor naturalized Americans. Only citizens born in the country. –Many Americans were also arrested under the suspicion that they were actually British deserters This was called “Impressment”

7. More Battles in the Northwest Territory In the early 1800’s more Native Americans began to resist U.S. expansion into the Northwest territory.  Attacked U.S. citizens

8. **REMEMBER, The Treaty of Greenville (1795) put an end to the Northwest Indian Wars –The treaty gave the Northwest Territory to the American Government –And Jay’s Treaty of 1793 asked for the removal of all British soldiers remaining in the territory Treaty of Greenville John Jay … AGAIN

9. The American government believed that the British were once again behind these Native American attacks. But all the British soldiers were required to leave the Northwest Territory??? –Canada became a British territory after the French and Indian War **Believed the British soldiers in Canada were furnishing the Native Americans with weapons.

10. President James Madison and the House of Representatives had an idea… –Take Canada from the British. President Madison believed that if the U.S. Army conquered Canada, the U.S. Government could use the territory as collateral  Stop British attacks on American ships!

11. Because of the decline of Federalist support, the House of Representatives supported the invasion of Canada –Remember the Federalists supported British alliance On June 18, 1812, President Madison signed the Declaration of War against the British.

12. Reasons for the War of 1812 -The British Navy ignored Jay’s Treaty and continued attacking U.S. merchant ships. -The British Navy were arresting Naturalized U.S. Citizens. -Impressment of Americans -The U.S. believed the British soldiers continued to instigate the Native Americans in the Northwest Territory to attack U.S. citizens.

13. The War of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought in different three theaters. –The Atlantic Ocean –The Great Lakes Territory and Canada –The Southern States

14. The U.S. lost over 2,200 men in the war The British lost about 1,600 war. Both countries spent more money than they wanted to on the war –Britain was ALSO at war with France at the time. –America just became an independent country The War was fought from June 18, 1812 to February 18, 1815.

15. Important Battles of the War The Battle of Queenston Heights –First Major Battle of the War of 1812 –Fought in Queenston, Ontario (Canada) –October 13, 1812 –British Victory –The Battle forced the majority of American soldiers stationed in Canada to surrender –Ultimately crushed America’s plan of conquering Canada

17. The Defense of Baltimore –Fought in Baltimore, Maryland –Sept. 12-15, 1814 –American Victory –Francis Scott Key writes his poem, “The Star- Spangled Banner” Later becomes the U.S.’s National Anthem

18. Francis Scott Key Born in Carroll County, Maryland August 1 st, 1779 – January 11 th, 1843 Key was a lawyer who was negotiating the release of U.S. soldiers during the war of 1812. Before he could meet with British officials, the Battle of Baltimore began, Key had to flee the battleground

19. The next morning, Key overlooked the U.S. Fort McHenry in Baltimore and noticed that…” the flag was still there”… Key was unable to do any negotiating that day, but felt inspired to write a poem about the bombs that he heard during the night and the beautiful sight of that American flag waiving the next morning. –The Star Spangled Banner

20. The Battle of Bladensburg –August 24,1814 –British Victory –British Soldiers marched into Washington D.C. and burned down many of our national buildings, even the Capitol Building and White House –“The Greatest Disgrace ever dealt to American Arms”

22. The Battle of New Orleans –Fought in New Orleans, Louisiana –January 18 th, 1815 –American Victory –U.S. Major Andrew Jackson leads almost 4,000 American troops to victory against a British force consisting of over 11,000 men. –If Britain would have won, they would have taken over the newly acquired Louisiana Territory

23. The End of the War During the War of 1812, England was also fighting a war against France. –The British eventually defeated the French After the French were out of the picture, British officials came to the realization that the ORIGINAL reason for this war was no longer in effect… –Stopping American trading with France

24. Also, neither the Americans or the British truly gained anything from the war. –The two sides decided to meet and negotiate an end to the war On December 24, 1814, the two sides met in Ghent (present-day Belgium) and signed a treaty which ended the war –The Treaty of Ghent

25. Neither country gained anything out the Treaty of Ghent. In fact, the treaty restored everything to “status quo ante bellum” –Latin for, “The status before the war”

26. Because methods of communication were much slower than today, neither armies received word of the peace treaty until after the Battle of New Orleans. –The two forces fought after peace between America and England was established. Andrew Jackson

27. Results of the War of 1812 The War of 1812 was the first war in which the U.S. states fought as one unified army against a country in a war. –A rise in National Pride and International recognition

28. The War of 1812 was incredibly costly and put the country into a significant amount of debt. Inflation rose greatly after many Private Banks were forced to produce more money –President Madison decided the country needed a second National bank –The First National bank closed in 1811

29. The War between England and France negatively effected all of Europe’s economies. **This economic decline in Europe aided the U.S. in its battle against debt. –A lot of Europe’s farmlands were destroyed in the war between France and England. – The selling of U.S. land boomed after the War of 1812 The Second National Bank aided the sell of land with loans.

30. The Monroe Doctrine On December 2 nd, 1823 (nine years after the War of 1812), U.S. President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine to the rest of the world…especially countries in Europe. –The Doctrine was written by Monroe’s Secretary of the State and future President John Quincy Adams James Monroe John Q. Adams

31. The Monroe Doctrine marked the start of the U.S. policy preventing European Powers from colonizing and interfering with Western hemisphere countries –(The Caribbean and North and South America) If any European country attempted to take over any countries in the Western Hemisphere, the United States had the right to intervene.

32. IF the European nation ALREADY had power over a country in the Western Hemisphere, then no action would be taken  Wanted to prevent any more conquering

33. The Monroe Doctrine is still in effect to this date. The following Presidents will refer to the Monroe Doctrine during their terms in office. –Theodore Roosevelt –John F. Kennedy –Ronald Reagan