1. 二维电磁模型 基本方程与无量纲化 基本方程

2. 无量纲化 方程化为

3. 二维时的方程

4. 时间上利用蛙跳格式 网格划分

5. 计算步骤

6. 稳定性条件

7. 例子：磁场重联的二维粒子模拟 Magnetic reconnection rapidly converts magnetic energy into plasma energy, which leads to heating and acceleration of ions and electrons.

8. Topology changes of magnetic field lines during magnetic reconnection

9. Particle simulations[Fu and Lu, 2006] With 2D particle-in-cell simulations we investigate the influence of the guide field on the electron acceleration near X-point and O-point.

10. Initial conditions and boundary conditions: Initial conditions 1D Harris current sheet in the (x,y) plane Initial flux perturbation is introduced Boundary conditions X direction: periodic Y direction: ideal conducting boundary condition for EM fields, Reflection condition for particles

12. Parameters

14. Time evolution of the reconnection flux for

15. Contours of (a),(b), (c),(d) at for

18. Typical trajectories in (x,y) plane, one passes through X-point (from to, the other is trapped near O-point (from to for

19. The time evolution of (a) the kinetic energy, (b), (c),(d) for The electron passes through X-point.

20. Comparison with others[Hoshino,2005; Pritchett, 2006]

21. The time evolution of (a) the kinetic energy, (b), (c),(d) for The electron is trapped near O-point.

22. Typical trajectories in (x,y) plane, one passes through X-point (from to, the other is trapped near O-point (from to for

23. The time evolution of (a) the kinetic energy, (b), (c),(d) for The electron passes through X-point.

24. The time evolution of (a) the kinetic energy, (b), (c),(d) for The electron is trapped near O-point.

25. Typical trajectories in (x,y) plane, one passes through X-point (from to, the other is trapped near O-point (from to for

26. The time evolution of (a) the kinetic energy, (b), (c),(d) for The electron passes through X-point.

27. The time evolution of (a) the kinetic energy, (b), (c),(d) for The electron is trapped near O-point.

29. The positions of the energetic electrons

30. Comparison with others [Pritchett, 2006] no guide field

31. With guide field 1.0B 0

32. Discussion 1.Observations of energetic electron in ion diffusion region in magnetotail [Oieroset, 2002]

33. Figure 5 shows the plasma temperature, magnetic field vectors, high-speed flows and energetic electron differential fluxes. The bottom four panels denote electron differential fluxes obtained from the RAPID on the four satellites from 35.1 to 244.1keV. A depletion in the energetic electron fluxes in the diffusion region was detected by all the four satellites. The duration is about 162s. Please note that the first two low energy channels of c3 is not well calibrated (Private communication from Q. G. Zong), while the other energy channels have the same depletion as other satellites. Similarly, a local minimum of the plasma temperature can also be found near the center of diffusion region

34. By WIND satellite, the fluxes of energetic electrons up to ~300keV peak near the center of the diffusion region and decrease monotonically away from this region. No secondary acceleration was found in the reconnection. Note: the initial guild field is about 50% of the total magnetic field magnitude during the magnetic reconnection. From Øieroset et al PRL 2002 Fig 1. From Øieroset et al NATURE 2001 Fig 2.

35. Potential applications in Solar atmosphere [Drake et al., 2006]?