1. Why West?

2. Incentives for Westward Expansion Pacific Railway Act(1862) Pacific Railway Act (1862) Homestead Act (1862) Provided federal subsidies (assistance) in land and loans for the construction of a transcontinental railroad Provided settlers with 160 acres of free land in the West if they agreed to improve the land by building a dwelling and cultivating the land Miles of railroad in the United States: 1865: 35,000 1900: 192,556

3. Central Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad Employed mostly Chinese workers Employees mainly from Europe; Irish, German, Dutch… Linking the East and West By 1888: 2,000 people killed; 20,000 injured!!

4. “The Golden Spike” May 10 th, 1869 - Central Pacific Railroad linked with Union Pacific Railroad, transcontinental railroad is completed

5. Effects of the Railroad Physically united the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Created enormous domestic market for raw materials and manufactured goods Spurred industrialization by increasing the speed which factories received materials for manufacturing; biggest beneficiary was the steel industry Led to the growth of cities Infringed on Native American lands Encouraged immigration – railroad companies advertised land grants and reduced fares to Europeans Environmental Costs – Buffalo shot to near extinction; reduction of forests Divided the country into 4 time zones – prior to RR every town/city had its own time determined by position of the sun Created millionaires and vast fortunes as people invested in RR stock and land Social Injustice for ethnic groups who worked on the construction of railroads (low wages, no recognition, poor living/working conditions)

6. Dubious Dealings… “Stock Watering” – exaggerating the value of stock and selling it at a higher price than it’s worth “Stock Watering” – exaggerating the value of stock and selling it at a higher price than it’s worth Collusion – created “pools” with other railroad companies to limit competition; shared profits and set prices Collusion – created “pools” with other railroad companies to limit competition; shared profits and set prices Bribery - offered bribes, kickbacks and rebates to journalists, politicians, judges and shippers Bribery - offered bribes, kickbacks and rebates to journalists, politicians, judges and shippers Result: Led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission which prohibited rebates and pool, required RR companies to publish rates openly, and forbade charging higher fares for shorter distance trips than for long distance trips

7. Consequences of Railroad Made travel affordable and easy Stimulated urban growth – Cities! Provided many of the country’s jobs Spurred the growth of other industries, such as steel Positive Negative Native Americans relocated Unfairness – Big Business v. average citizen Work was dangerous – many deaths/injuries Ethnic tensions Environment Costs

8. White settlers desire Native American lands U.S. government negotiated treaties with Native Americans to acquire lands; created reservations  Indian tribes received money, supplies and a guarantee land would be theirs forever  U.S. hoped reservations would force Indians to become farmers Bureau of Indian Affairs Government agency responsible for managing Native American issues U.S. gov’t fails to honor treaties Reduced size of reservations In many cases, supplies never arrived

9. Conflict Massacre at Sand Creek  Colorado Territory Militia attack village of Cheyenne and Arapaho  Killed over 150 inhabitants, mostly women and children “It is right and honorable to use any means under God’s heaven to kill Indians” -Colonel John M. Chivington, U.S. Army

10. Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) Gold discovered in Black Hills, Montana – Reservation of the Sioux Government attempts to negotiate new treaty with Sioux 200 members of U.S. Army, led by General Custer, attack an Indian encampment Counterattack led by Sitting Bull defeats General Custer and kills all American Soldiers, including Custer General George Armstrong Custer

11. Dawes Act - 1887 Aimed to “Americanize” the Native Americans Government broke up reservations; gave some reservation land to individual Native Americans; sold the rest to settlers By 1932, 2/3’s of land set aside for Native Americans owned by whites

12. Used for: railroad tracks, barbed wire, farming machines, etc… Brooklyn Bridge - 1883 STEEL ELECTRICITY Thomas Alva Edison electricity Thomas Alva Edison Perfected incandescent light bulbs and invented system for distributing electricity Powered machines (i.e. fans, printing presses), electric street cars, and much more!! OIL Edwin Drake Uses steam engine to drill for oil Mainly used for kerosene lamps, but eventually refined into gasoline for cars Bessemer Process Bessemer Process made steel making cheaper

13. Capitalism Capitalism Communism Communism Corporation Corporation Monopoly Monopoly Trust Trust Vertical Integration Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration Horizontal Integration Social Darwinism Social Darwinism A.Define each of the terms/concepts below B.How does each concept affect your life today?

14. Industrialists of the late 1800s and early 1900s Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt George Pullman American heroes or villains?!? JP Morgan

15. Look up these industrialists in your textbook – How did each person attain his wealth? Also explain how each person contributed to and exploited American society. Rockefeller Rockefeller Carnegie Carnegie Pullman Pullman Vanderbilt Vanderbilt Do you believe these men should be admired or scorned? Both? P. 473 - 480

16. [T]he modern manufacturing system has been brought into a condition analogous to that of a military organization, in which the individual no longer works as independently as formerly, but as a private in the ranks, obeying orders, keeping step, as it were, to the tap of the drum, and having nothing to say as to the plan of his work, of its final completion, or of its ultimate use and distribution. In short, the people who work in the modern factory are, as a rule, taught to do one thing – to perform one and generally a simple operation; and when there is no more of that kind of work to do, they are in a measure helpless. The result has been that the individualism or independence of the producer in manufacturing has been in a great degree destroyed, and with it has also in a great degree been destroyed the pride which the workman formerly took in his work – that fertility of resource which formerly was a special characteristic of American workmen, and that element of skill that comes from long and varied practice and reflection and responsibility. [T]he modern manufacturing system has been brought into a condition analogous to that of a military organization, in which the individual no longer works as independently as formerly, but as a private in the ranks, obeying orders, keeping step, as it were, to the tap of the drum, and having nothing to say as to the plan of his work, of its final completion, or of its ultimate use and distribution. In short, the people who work in the modern factory are, as a rule, taught to do one thing – to perform one and generally a simple operation; and when there is no more of that kind of work to do, they are in a measure helpless. The result has been that the individualism or independence of the producer in manufacturing has been in a great degree destroyed, and with it has also in a great degree been destroyed the pride which the workman formerly took in his work – that fertility of resource which formerly was a special characteristic of American workmen, and that element of skill that comes from long and varied practice and reflection and responsibility. Source: David A. Wells, engineer and economist, Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on the Production and Distribution of Wealth and the Well-Being of Society, 1889.

17. “I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller’s colossal combination,” said Mr. [George] Rice, “and my story is not essentially different from the rest…I established what was known as the Ohio Oil Works…I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do – from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for. I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Standard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors.” Source: George Rice, “How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller,” New York World, October 16, 1898.

18. Sherman Anti-Trust Act Congressional response to growing resentment about trusts and monopolies Outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade Problem: Failed to define what constituted a trust or monopoly Results: Difficult to enforce Corporations and trusts continued to grow in size By 1890, 10% of population controlled close to 75% of nation’s wealth

19. 1911 – Using the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Supreme Court dissolved Standard Oil; 34 separate companies were created…

26. Labor Union An organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members’ interests in respect to wages, benefits, and working conditions How did workers respond to the growth of big business?

27. The Emergence of Labor Unions Samuel Gompers American Federation of Labor (AFL) Eugene V. Debs Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Mary Harris Jones (“Mother Jones”)

28. HigherWages Shorter Work Hours Improve Workplace Safety EndChildLabor African-Americans? Women? Union Demands

29. “An injury to one is the concern of all” National Labor Union (NLU) – Organized in 1866, attracted skilled and unskilled workers, farmers; excluded the Chinese and made half- hearted efforts to include women and African-Americans (AA’s organized their own Colored National Labor Union). The NLU lost influence by the 1870s due to economic depression in the US National Labor Union (NLU) – Organized in 1866, attracted skilled and unskilled workers, farmers; excluded the Chinese and made half- hearted efforts to include women and African-Americans (AA’s organized their own Colored National Labor Union). The NLU lost influence by the 1870s due to economic depression in the US Knights of Labor – Began in 1869 and was more inclusive than the NLU (welcomed women, AAs…). Influence declined due to their perceived association with anarchists and Anti-American ideology, as well as their support of unskilled workers Knights of Labor – Began in 1869 and was more inclusive than the NLU (welcomed women, AAs…). Influence declined due to their perceived association with anarchists and Anti-American ideology, as well as their support of unskilled workers American Federation of Labor (AFL) – 1886; Break-away faction of the KoL that included only skilled workers. It consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence under the AFL umbrella. American Federation of Labor (AFL) – 1886; Break-away faction of the KoL that included only skilled workers. It consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence under the AFL umbrella.

30. The organized working men and women, the producers of the wealth of the world, declare that men, women and children, with human brains and hearts, should have a better consideration than inanimate and dormant things, usually known under the euphonious title of “Property.”… We demand a reduction of the hours of labor, which would give a due share of work and wages to the reserve army of labor and eliminate many of the worst abuses of the industrial system now filling our poor houses and jails… Labor…insists upon the exercise of the right to organize for self and mutual protection. …That the lives and limbs of the wage-workers shall be regarded as sacred as those of all others of our fellow human beings; that an injury or destruction of either by reason of negligence or maliciousness of another, shall not leave him without redress simply because he is a wage-worker… And by no means the least demand of the Trade Unions is for adequate wages. Source: Samuel Gompers, What Does Labor Want; an address before the International Labor Congress in Chicago, August 28, 1893.

31. Labor Union Strategies, Response of Big Business Labor Unions Labor Unions  Strikes  Collective Bargaining  Boycotts Big Business Big Business  Blacklisting  Yellow-Dog Contracts  Lockouts (hired nonunion strike- breakers)  Foreign Workers  Federal Government Intervention

32. Haymarket Riot (1886) May 1, 1886; 40,000 Chicago workers went on strike against McMormick Harvesting Machine Company; bomb exploded – police respond with gunfire; 60 officers wounded, 7 policemen and 1 civilian died Effects: decreased support of unions, especially the KoL

33. Homestead Strikes (1892) Workers at Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, PA went on strike to protest wage cuts. Managers instituted a lockout and hired 300 guards to protect the plant; violent class between strikes and guards resulted in 16 deaths

34. Pullman Strike (1894) Workers went on strike when George Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents and prices at the stores in his company town; strikers were supported by the American Railway Union (ARU) and refused to work and ride on Pullman trains; federal troops were sent in to end strikes and restore rail service as the strikes disrupted US mail distribution