1. Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN
Chapter(4)
Probability
and
Counting Rules
Lecturer : FATEN AL-HUSSAIN
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2. Introduction 4-1 Sample Spaces and Probability
4-2 Addition Rules for Probability
4-3 Multiplication Rules & Conditional Probability
4-4 Counting Rules
4-5 Probability and Counting Rules
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3. Sample Spaces and Probability
A probability experiment is a chance process that leads to well-defined results called outcomes.
An outcome is the result of a single trial of a probability experiment.
A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment. The symbol ( S ) is used for the sample space .
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4. Some Sample Spaces Experiment Sample Space Toss a coin S={Head , Tail}
Roll a die
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
S={True, False}
Answer a true/false
question
Toss two coins
S={HH,
HT, TH, TT}
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5. S={BBB , BBG , BGB , BGG , GBB , GBG , GGB ,GGG}
Example 4-3:
Gender of Children
Find the sample space for the gender of the children if a family has three children. Use B for boy and G for girl.
2n=23 = 8
S={BBB , BBG , BGB , BGG , GBB , GBG , GGB ,GGG}
Solution :
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6. Example 4-4: Gender of Children
A tree diagram is a device consisting of line segments emanating from a starting point and also from the outcome point .It is used to determine all possible outcomes of a probability experiment.
Example 4-4:
Gender of Children
Use a tree diagram to find the sample space for the gender of three children in a family,
as in example 4-3.
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7. BBB BBG BGB BGG GBB GBG GGB GGG Solution : B G
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8. event Simple event is an event with one outcome. Compound event
An event consists of outcomes of a probability
Experiment .
event
Simple event
is an event with
one outcome.
Compound event
containing more
than one outcome
For example :
S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 }
A = { 6 }
Simple event
B = Odd no. = { 1 , 3 , 5 }
Compound event
E = Even no. = { 2 , 4 , 6 }
Compound event
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9. Classical Probability Empirical Probability or Relative Frequency.
Types of probability:
Classical Probability
Empirical Probability or Relative Frequency.
Subjective Probability
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10. Classical probability
Classical probability uses sample spaces to determine the numerical probability that an event will happen and assumes that all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely to occur.
Equally Likely Events are events that have the same probability
of occurring
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11. Example 4-6: Gender of Children Solution :
If a family has three children, find the probability that two of
the three children are girls.
Step 1 : Sample Space:
S ={BBB ,BBG, BGB, BGG, GBB ,GBG ,GGB ,GGG}
Step 2 : k={BGG, GBG, GGB}
P(K)= = 3/8
The probability of having two of three children being girls
is 3/8.
Solution :
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12. Probability Rules There are four basic probability rules:
First Rule: For any event E 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
Second Rule: If an event E cannot occur , then P(E)= 0.
Third Rule: If an event E is certain to occur, then P(S) =1.
Fourth Rule: The sum of the probabilities of all he outcomes in the sample space is 1 ∑ p = 1
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13. Example 4-8: Example 4-9: Rolling a Die
When a single die is rolled , find the probability of getting a 9 .
S= {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } , A={ø}
P(9) = = 0/6 = 0
Solution :
Second Rule
Example 4-9:
Rolling a Die
When a single die is rolled ,what is the probability of getting a number less than 7 ?.
S={1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6} , A ={1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6}
P(A)= = 6/6 = 1
Solution :
Fourth Rule
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14. Find the complements of each event.
Complement of Event ( E )
Rolling a die and getting a 4
Selecting a month and getting a
month that begins with a J
Selecting a day of the week and
getting a weekday
Event ( E )
Getting February, March, April, May, August, September, October, November, or December
Getting Saturday or Sunday
Example 4-10:
Find the complements of each event.
The complement of an event E , denoted by , is the set of outcomes in the sample space that are not included in the outcomes of event E.
Getting a 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6
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15. P (S)
P (E)
P (E)
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16. Rule for Complementary Events
Example 4-11:
If the probability that a person lives in an industrialized country of the world is , Find the probability that a person does not live in an industrialized country.
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17. Empirical Probability
Empirical probability relies on actual experience to determine the likelihood of outcomes.
Remark:
or indicate the Union ( + ).
and indicate intersection ( × ).
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18. a. A person has type O blood.
Example 4-13:
In a sample of 50 people, 21 had type O blood, 22 had type A blood, 5 had type B blood, and 2 had type AB blood. Set up a frequency distribution and find the following probabilities.
a. A person has type O blood.
Type
Frequency A 22 B 5 AB 2 O 21
Total
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19. b. A person has type A or type B blood.
Frequency A 22 B 5 AB 2 O 21
Total
c. A person has neither type A nor type O blood.
Type
Frequency A 22 B 5 AB 2 O 21
Total
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20. d. A person does not have type AB blood.
Frequency A 22 B 5 AB 2 O 21
Total
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21. Subjective probability
Subjective probability uses a probability value based on an educated guess or estimate, employing opinions and inexact information.
Examples: weather forecasting, predicting outcomes of sporting events
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22. Questions ???
1- a jellybean is chosen at random from a jar containing 5 black , 8 red and 7 yellow jellybeans . Find the probability that it is :
a) red
b) yellow
c) not black
2- If A ,B and C three events , the probability of the events A and B is P(A)= 0.40 , P(B)= Find P(C) ?
3- A probability experiment is conducted. Which of these cannot be considered a probability of an event?
0.75 1
-0.25

23. 4- Classify each statement as an example of Classical probability
, Empirical probability , Subjective probability :
a) The probability that a person will watch the 6 o’clock evening news is 0.15.
Empirical probability
b) The probability of wining at a chuck – a – luck game is
Classical probability
c) The probability that a bus will be in an accident on a specific run is about 6% .
Empirical probability

24. Addition Rules for Probability
Two events are Mutually Exclusive Events if they cannot occur at the same time (i.e., they have no outcomes in common)
P(A or B)=P(A) + P(B) Mutually Exclusive
P (S) A B
This means that P(A∩B)= 0 i.e. the two event cannot occur at the same time .
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25. Where P(A∩B) is the probability both A and B occur.
Two events are Not Mutually Exclusive Events, then the probability of event A or B occurs denoted by P(AUB), is given by
P(AUB)= P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) Not mutually exclusive
P (S) B A
P(A∩B)
Where P(A∩B) is the probability both A and B occur.
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26. Example 4-15: Rolling a Die
Determine which events are mutually exclusive and which are not, when a single die is rolled.
a. Getting an odd number and getting an even number
Getting an odd number: 1, 3, or 5
Getting an even number: 2, 4, or 6
Mutually Exclusive
b. Getting a 3 and getting an odd number
Getting a 3: 3
Getting an odd number: 1, 3, or 5
Not Mutually Exclusive
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27. c. Getting an odd number and getting a number less than 4
Getting an odd number: 1, 3, or 5
Getting a number less than 4: 1, 2, or 3
Not Mutually Exclusive
d. Getting a number greater than 4 and getting a number less than 4
Getting a number greater than 4: 5 or 6
Getting a number less than 4: 1, 2, or 3
Mutually Exclusive
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28. Example 4-17: Example 4-19: Selecting a Doughnut
A box contains 3 glazed doughnuts , 4 jelly doughnuts , and 5 chocolate doughnuts. If a person selects a doughnut at random ,find the probability that it is either a glazed doughnut or a chocolate doughnut.
Solution :
The events are mutually exclusive
P(glazed) + P(chocolate) =
Selecting a Day of the Week
Example 4-19:
A day of the week is selected at random .Find the probability that it is a weekend day .
Solution :
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29. Example 4-21:
In a hospital unit there are 8 nurses and 5 physicians ;7 nurses and 3 physicians are females. If a staff person is selected ,find the probability that the subject is a nurse or a male.
Staff
Females
Males
Total
Nurses 7 1 8
Physicians 3 2 5 10 13
Solution :
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30. Which one of these events is not mutually exclusive?
Select a student in your university: The student is married, and the student is a business major.
B) Select a ball from bag: It is a football, and it is a basket ball.
C) Roll a die: Get an even number, and get an odd number.
D) Select any course: It is an Arabic course, and it is a Statistics course.
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31. The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability
Two events A and B are independent events if the fact that A occurs does not affect the probability of B occurring.
P(A and B)=P(A) . P(B) Independent Events
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32. Selecting a Colored Ball
Example 4-25:
Selecting a Colored Ball
An urn contains 3 red balls , 2blue balls and 5 white balls .A ball is selected and its color noted .Then it is replaced .A second ball is selected and its color noted . Find the probability of each of these.
a. Selecting 2 blue balls
b. Selecting 1 blue ball and then 1 white ball
c. Selecting 1 red ball and then 1 blue ball
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33. Example 4-27: Male Color Blindness
Approximately 9% of men have a type of color blindness that prevents them from distinguishing between red and green . If 3 men are selected at random , find the probability that all of them will have this type of red-green color blindness.
Solution :
Let C denote red – green color blindness. Then
P(C and C and C) = P(C) . P(C) . P(C)
= (0.09)(0.09)(0.09) =
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34. P(A and B)=P(A) . P(B|A) dependent Events
When the outcome or occurrence of the first event affects the outcome or occurrence of the second event in such a way that the probability is changed ,the events are said to be dependent events.
P(A and B)=P(A) . P(B|A) dependent Events
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35. Example 4-28: University Crime
At a university in western Pennsylvania, there were 5 burglaries reported in 2003, 16 in 2004, and 32 in If a researcher wishes to select at random two burglaries to further investigate, find the probability that both will have occurred in 2004.
Solution :
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36. Example 4-29: Homeowner’s and Automobile Insurance
World Wide Insurance Company found that 53% of the residents of a city had homeowner’s insurance (H) with the company .Of these clients ,27% also had automobile insurance (A) with the company .If a resident is selected at random ,find the probability that the resident has both homeowner’s and automobile insurance with World Wide Insurance Company .
Solution :
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37. Example 4-31: Selecting Colored Balls
Box 1 contains 2 red balls and 1 blue ball . Box 2 contains 3 blue balls and 1 red ball . A coin is tossed . If it falls heads up ,box1 is selected and a ball is drawn . If it falls tails up ,box 2 is selected and a ball is drawn. Find the probability of selecting a red ball.
Box 2
Box 1
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38. Red Box 1 Blue Coin Box 2 Solution :
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39. Box A contains 4 red balls and 2 white balls. Box B contains 2 red
balls, 2 white balls. A die is rolled first and if the outcome is an even
number a ball is chosen at random from Box A, and if the outcome is
an odd number a ball is randomly chosen from Box B.
Find the probability that a red ball is chosen?
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40. Conditional Probability
Conditional probability is the probability that the second event B occurs given that the first event A has occurred.
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41. Example 4-32: Selecting Colored Chips
A box contains black chips and white chips. A person selects two chips without replacement . If the probability of selecting a black chip and a white chip is , and the probability of selecting a black chip on the first draw is , find the probability of selecting the white chip on the second draw ,given that the first chip selected was a black chip.
Solution :
Let
B=selecting a black chip W=selecting a white chip
Hence , the probability of selecting a while chip on the second
draw given that the first chip selected was black is
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42. Example 4-34: Survey on Women In the Military
A recent survey asked 100 people if they thought women in the armed forces should be permitted to participate in combat. The results of the survey are shown.
a. Find the probability that the respondent answered yes (Y), given that the respondent was a female (F).
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43. b. Find the probability that the respondent was a male (M), given that the respondent answered no (N).
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44. Find the probability that the employee is a doctor or a female.
Physiotherapy
Nurse
Total
Male 4 6 9 19
Female 12 14 11 37 16 20 56
Find the probability that the employee is a doctor or a female.
Find the probability that the employee is a physiotherapy.
Find the probability that the employee is a nurse and a male.
Find the probability that the employee is a doctor given that he
a male .
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45. Example 4-36: Tossing Coins
Probabilities for (At Least)
Example 4-36: Tossing Coins
A coin is tossed 5 times . Find the probability of getting at least 1 tail.
P( at least 1 tail ) = 1 – P( all heads) = 1 – P(HHHHH)
= 1 -
= 1-
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46. For Example: It has been found that 8% of all automobiles on the road have defective brakes. If 8 automobiles are stopped and checked by the police ,find the probability that at least one will have defective brakes.
Solution :
P(at least one will have defective brakes) = 1 – p( all have not defective brakes)
= 1- ( )8
= 1- (0.92)8
= 0.487
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47. Find the probability that at least 1 use a computer at work.
It is reported that 27% of working women use computers at work. Choose 5 working women at random .
Find the probability that at least 1 use a computer at work.
Find the probability that at least 1 doesn’t use a computer at work.
Find the probability that all 5 use a computer in their jobs.
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48. Counting Rules Fundamental Counting Rule
The Fundamental Counting Rule is also called the multiplication of choices.
In a sequence of n events in which the first one has k1 possibilities and the second event has k2 and the third has k3, and so forth, the total number of possibilities of the sequence will be
k1 · k2 · k3 · · · kn
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49. Example 4-39: Paint Colors
A paint manufacturer wishes to manufacture several different paints. The categories include
Color: red, blue, white, black, green, brown, yellow
Type: latex, oil
Texture: flat, semi gloss, high gloss
Use: outdoor, indoor
How many different kinds of paint can be made if you can select one color, one type, one texture, and one use?
Solution :
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50. Factorial is the product of all the positive numbers from 1 to a number.
Permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order. Order matters.
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51. Example 4-42: Business Locations
Suppose a business owner has a choice of 5 locations in which to establish her business. She decides to rank each location according to certain criteria, such as price of the store and parking facilities. How many different ways can she rank the 5 locations?
Solution :
Using factorials, 5! = 120.
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52. Example 4-44: Television News Stories
A television news director wishes to use 3 news stories on an evening show. One story will be the lead story, one will be the second story, and the last will be a closing story. If the director has a total of 8 stories to choose from, how many possible ways can the program be set up?
Since there is a lead, second, and closing story, we know that order matters. We will use permutations.
Solution :
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53. Combination is a grouping of objects. Order does not matter.
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54. Example 4-47: Combinations
How many combinations of 4 objects are there . Taken 2 at a time?
This is a combination problem , the answer is
Solution :
4c2
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55. Example 4-49: Committee Selection
In a club there are 7 women and 5 men. A committee of 3 women and 2 men is to be chosen. How many different possibilities are there?
There are not separate roles listed for each committee member, so order does not matter. We will use combinations.
There are 35·10=350 different possibilities.
Solution :
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56. Summary of Counting Rules
Have a look to page no. 232
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57. Example 4-51: Defective Transistors
Probability and Counting Rules
Example 4-51: Defective Transistors
A box contains 24 transistors ,4 of which are defective. If 4 are sold at random ,find the following probabilities.
a. Exactly 2 are defective.
Solution : 24 4
Def
Non def 20 2
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58. b. None is defective 24 4
Def
Non def 20

59. Def 24 Non def 20 4 c. All are defective. d. At least 1 is defective.
c. All are defective.
d. At least 1 is defective.
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60. Example 4-52: Committee Selection
A store has 6 TV Graphic magazines and 8 News time magazines on the counter. If two customers purchased a magazine, find the probability that one of each magazine was purchased.
Solution : 14 2
TV . G 6
News time 8 1
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61. Example 4-53: Combination Locks
A combination lock consists of the 26 letters of the alphabet. If a 3-letter combination is needed, find the probability that the combination will consist of the letters ABC in that order. The same letter can be used more than once. (Note: A combination lock is really a permutation lock.)
Solution :
1/26
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62. Example 4-54: Tennis Tournament
There are 8 married couples in a tennis club. If 1 man and 1 woman are selected at random to plan the summer tournament ,find the probability that they are married to each other.
There are 8 ways to select the man and 8 ways to select the woman ,there are 8.8 or 64 ,ways to select 1 man and 1 woman .
Solution :
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63. A store contains 10 toys, 6 of which are defective. If a child bought 3
toys at random, what is the probability of getting 2 defective toys?
A person owns a collection of 25 movies, five of which are English. If four movies are selected at random, find the probability that three of them are English.
Given nine flowers, four of which are white and five of them are red, if two flowers are selected at random, without replacement, what is the probability that both flowers are
red?
The probability of randomly selecting 3 science books and 4 math books from 8 science books and 9 math books is