1. Consciousness Unit 5 Consciousness Modules 23-26

2. Consciousness Altered state of consciousness (ASC) Module 23: States of Consciousness

3. Consciousness Consciousness and culture –Throughout history, people have found ways to alter consciousness –Meaning varies greatly –Cultural conditioning greatly affects how we perceive altered states States of Consciousness

4. Consciousness Theories of Hypnosis –Dissociative state (Highway hypnosis) –Hidden observer –Nonstate Hypnotic susceptibility States of Consciousness

5. Consciousness

7. Effects of hypnosis –Strength –Memory –Amnesia –Pain relief –Age regression –Sensory changes Hypnosis

8. Consciousness Concentrative meditation Mindfulness meditation –Mantra Relaxation response Meditation

9. Consciousness Benefits –Sensory enhancement –Relaxation Sensory Deprivation (SD)

10. Consciousness

11. Mindfulness and well-being –Open, nonjudgmental awareness of current experience –Associated with self-knowledge and well-being –Research: cancer patients Hypnosis, Meditation, and Sensory Deprivation

12. Consciousness Sleep is an innate biological rhythm Hypersomnia Microsleep Sleep deprivation Sleep-deprivation psychosis Module 24: Sleep and Dreams

13. Consciousness Sleep-waking cycle –Circadian rhythms Sleep patterns –Short sleepers (less than five hours/night) –Long sleepers (over nine hours/night) Sleep

14. Consciousness

15. Brain wave patterns

16. Consciousness Measuring sleep changes –Electroencephalograph (EEG), measures brain wave patterns in CPS (Cycles per second) –Beta waves (13-24 CPS) –Alpha waves (8-12 CPS) –Theta waves (4-7 CPS) –Delta waves (less than 4 CPS) Sleep

17. Consciousness Stages of Sleep –Stage 1: Hypnic jerk –Stage 2: Sleep spindles –Stage 3: Delta waves –Stage 4: Purely delta waves Sleep

18. Consciousness The dual process hypothesis of sleep –Rapid eye movement (REM) Dreaming Muscle paralysis REM behavioral disorder Hypnopompic hallucinations –Non-REM (NREM) sleep Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 Dream-free most of the time, but dreams can and do occur in NREM sleep Sleep

19. Consciousness

20. Insomnia –Temporary insomnia –Drug-dependency insomnia –Chronic insomnia Sleep Disorders and Disturbances

21. Consciousness Behavioral remedies for insomnia –Stimulus control –Sleep restriction –Paradoxical intention –Relaxation –Exercise –Food intake –Avoid stimulants Sleep Disturbances

22. Consciousness Sleepwalking (somnambulism) Sleeptalking Sleepsex - sexsomnia Sleep Disturbances

23. Consciousness

24. Nightmares and night terrors –Nightmares Imagery rehearsal –Night terrors Total panic with hallucinations of frightening dream images Sleep Disturbances

25. Consciousness Sleep apnea –Repeated interrupted breathing during sleep –Treated by surgery, weight loss, breathing mask Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) –Sudden and unexplained death –Crib death –“Back to Sleep” Sleep Disturbances

26. Consciousness

27. Narcolepsy –Sudden, irresistible sleep attacks Cataplexy –Sudden temporary paralysis of muscles Sodium oxybate Sleep Disturbances

28. Consciousness A humorous example of narcolepsy

29. Consciousness Dreaming –Most dream four or five times a night –Non-dreamers –Most dreams reflect everyday events Dreams –About 90 minutes apart –Dreams occur in real time REM rebound Dreams – A Separate Reality

30. Consciousness Psychodynamic dream theory (Freud) Wish fulfillment Dream symbols –Manifest content –Latent content Dreams Theories

31. Consciousness Activation-synthesis hypothesis (Hobson & McCarley) –Dream content affected by motor commands in the brain during sleep that are not carried out –During REM sleep Several lower brain centers are “turned on” (activated) Brain searches through stored memories and manufactures (synthesizes) a dream Dreams Theories

32. Consciousness Neurocognitive dream theory (Domhoff) –Dreams have more in common with waking thoughts and emotions –Dreams are a conscious expression of REM sleep processes –Sorting and storing daily experiences Dreams Theories

33. Consciousness Psychoactive drug –Substance capable of altering consciousness Stimulant –Increases activity in body and nervous system Depressant –Decreases activity in body and nervous system Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs

34. Consciousness

35. Drug Dependence –Physical dependence Drug tolerance Withdrawal symptoms –Psychological dependence Dependence based on psychological or emotional needs Drug-Altered Consciousness

36. Consciousness Patterns of Abuse –Experimental –Social-recreational –Situational –Intensive –Compulsive Polydrug abuse Drug-Altered Consciousness

37. Consciousness Amphetamine –Dexedrine –Methamphetamine –Adderall and Ritalin –Amphetamine psychosis –The visible impact of crystal meth useThe visible impact of crystal meth use Cocaine –Leaves of coca plant –Increases dopamine and noradrenaline –Anhedonia Uppers

38. Consciousness MDMA (Ecstasy) –Methylenedioxymethamphetamine –Chemically similar to amphetamine –Repeated use damages serotonergic brain cells Caffeine –Causes tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus –Suppresses fatigue or sleepiness –Hazardous to pregnant women if used excessively –Caffeinism Uppers

39. Consciousness Nicotine –Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco –Known carcinogen –Addictive –Lung cancer deaths –E-cigarettes “Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body” –Cancers, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and reproductive disorders Uppers

40. Consciousness Narcotics –Opium poppies –Opium –Morphine –Heroin Methadone Downers

41. Consciousness Barbiturates –Sedative drugs that depress brain activity –Seconal & Amytal GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) –CNS depressant that relaxes and sedates –Combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner –Inhibits gag reflex –Addictive and deadly Downers

42. Consciousness Tranquilizers –Lower anxiety and reduce tension –Valium, Xanax, Halcion, and Librium –Rohypnol (“Roofies”) –Physical dependence and severe emotional depression Combining barbiturates with alcohol is risky  Leads to a synergistic effect Downers

43. Consciousness Alcohol –Ethyl alcohol –Depressant of CNS –Fermented and distilled liquors –NOT a stimulant but DOES lower inhibitions –Sex “Provokes the desire, but it takes away the performance” –Alcohol myopia Downers

44. Consciousness Patterns of drinking –Binge drinking Consuming 5 or more drinks in a short time –Moderated drinking Drink slowly, eat, limit drinking to first hour of event Downers

45. Consciousness

46. Treatment for alcohol abuse and dependence –Detoxification Withdrawal of the person from alcohol –Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics –Rational Recovery –Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS) Downers

47. Consciousness Hallucinogen –Substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) –Produce hallucinations and psychotic disturbances in thinking and perception Hallucinogens

48. Consciousness PCP (angel dust) –Initially can have hallucinogenic effects –Anesthetic with stimulant and depressant effects Mescaline (peyote) Psilocybin (magic mushrooms) Hallucinogens

49. Consciousness Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) –Active chemical: THC –Relaxation, time distortion, perceptual distortions –Psychologically, NOT physiologically, addictive Hallucinogens

50. Consciousness Health risks of using marijuana –Increased risk of prostate, lung, and cervical cancer –Suppresses immune system –Affects activity levels in cerebellum –Some evidence it damages brain’s memory functions –Brain inflamation –Sexual dysfunction in men Hallucinogens

51. Consciousness

52. Freud –Four dream processes that hide true meanings of dreams Condensation Displacement Symbolization Secondary elaboration Module 26: Exploring and Using Dreams

53. Consciousness Gestalt therapy: Perls –Special message about what is missing in our lives –Dreams fill in gaps in our personal experience Lucid dreaming –Feel fully awake within the dream and capable of normal thought and action –Can be used for creative problem-solving Dream Work