1. States of Consciousness

2. States of Consciousness Consciousness - our awareness of stimuli in the external environment and recognition of internal events (thoughts, heart rate, pain, etc.) Consciousness - our awareness of stimuli in the external environment and recognition of internal events (thoughts, heart rate, pain, etc.) Circadian Rhythm - a person's daily sleep and wakefulness cycle (biological clock) Circadian Rhythm - a person's daily sleep and wakefulness cycle (biological clock) - It is controlled by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, a portion of the hypothalamus. > Individual cell here keep track of time or "tick." Free Running - when no time cues (daylight, clock, etc.) are available, our bodies shift to a 25-hour cycle. Free Running - when no time cues (daylight, clock, etc.) are available, our bodies shift to a 25-hour cycle. -We will go to sleep later and later on succeeding nights. -We will go to sleep later and later on succeeding nights. Zeitgeber - literally means "time giver." Morning light resets our internal biological clock to the world's 24-hour day. Zeitgeber - literally means "time giver." Morning light resets our internal biological clock to the world's 24-hour day.

4. Jet Lag - occurs when there is a discrepancy between our biological clock and the official clock. It results in fitful sleep and sluggishness. Jet Lag - occurs when there is a discrepancy between our biological clock and the official clock. It results in fitful sleep and sluggishness. Wakefulness > high point is related to increased body temperature and hormonelevels (cortisol - speeds up the body's metabolism & increases blood sugar). Wakefulness > high point is related to increased body temperature and hormonelevels (cortisol - speeds up the body's metabolism & increases blood sugar). Vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch are all at their peak. > low point is related to decreased body temperature and hormone levels (cortisol) = increased sleepiness. [The older the person, the earlier in the day s/he reaches her/his peak.] Sleep Patterns Sleep Patterns Different animals need different amounts of sleep: Little Brown Bat20 hours Cats 14 hours Dogs10 hours Elephants 2 - 4 hours Infant humans 16 hours One-year-old human 12 - 14 hours Twelve-year-old human9 - 10 hours Adult human7 - 8 hours Seventy-year-old human6 hours

5. Stages of Sleep The same stages appear in all mammals. The same stages appear in all mammals. As we move from an awake state through deeper stages of sleep, our brain waves decrease in frequency (cycles per second) and increase in amplitude (height). As we move from an awake state through deeper stages of sleep, our brain waves decrease in frequency (cycles per second) and increase in amplitude (height). The stages are determined by brain wave patterns. When a person is awake, s/he exhibits Beta waves. The stages are determined by brain wave patterns. When a person is awake, s/he exhibits Beta waves.

6. Five Distinct Stages Five Distinct Stages Initially a person is in a drowsy but awake state when his/her eyes are closed, s/he is beginning to relax, and Alpha waves appear. Stage One Sleep > transition between wakefulness & real sleep. Stage One Sleep > transition between wakefulness & real sleep. Theta waves - small, irregular brain wave pattern You spend five to ten minutes here. Stage Two Sleep > Sleep spindles occur ( short bursts of waves occurring two to five times per minute that may reduce the brain's sensitivity to sensory input). Stage Two Sleep > Sleep spindles occur ( short bursts of waves occurring two to five times per minute that may reduce the brain's sensitivity to sensory input). K-Complexes (sudden sharp waves occurring once per minute that help you stay asleep). Muscles less tense & eyes rest. Larger Theta waves. You spend about ten minutes here initially. Overall, 50% of sleep time is in this stage. Stage Three Sleep > Delta waves appear (less Stage Three Sleep > Delta waves appear (less than 50% of waves); slow wave sleep. Stage Four Sleep > Delta waves (over 50% of Stage Four Sleep > Delta waves (over 50% ofwaves) Deepest sleep; hardest from which to awaken. Decreases with age.

7. - While we sleep, time spent in Stage Two increases, while time spent in Stages Three & Four decreases. - We spend 30 - 45 minutes going from Stage One to Stage Four. The next 30 – 45 minutes are spent going back to Stage One. - At this point REM Sleep occurs. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) > brain wave pattern here resembles that of someone active & awake (Beta waves). Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) > brain wave pattern here resembles that of someone active & awake (Beta waves). - Heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and other physiological patterns are like those occurring while awake. - Atonia: a limited muscle paralysis during REM sleep, which may keep sleepers from acting out their dreams. - Most dreams occur here.

8. Sleepers are hard to awaken from REM sleep and will often incorporate sounds from their environment into their dreams; alarm clock, breeze, etc. Sleepers are hard to awaken from REM sleep and will often incorporate sounds from their environment into their dreams; alarm clock, breeze, etc. - This may be one way of avoiding REM sleep disruption. Non-REM Sleep - (NREM) consists of sleeping hours when REM sleep is not occurring. Non-REM Sleep - (NREM) consists of sleeping hours when REM sleep is not occurring. - Few dreams occur here, but this is when sleepwalking and sleeptalking take place. During the night, we travel back and forth through the stages of sleep four to six times. During the night, we travel back and forth through the stages of sleep four to six times. - Each completed cycle takes about 90 minutes. - During the first half of the night, most time is spent in deeper sleep and only a few minutes in REM (5-10 minute episodes). - The last half of the night is dominated by Stage 2 and REM sleep (30 + minute episodes), from which we awake. As we age, we sleep less and the total amount of REM sleep decreases: As we age, we sleep less and the total amount of REM sleep decreases: - Infants - 8 hours REM sleep/day - Adults - 1 to 2 hours REM sleep/day

9. The Nature of Sleep and Dreams

10. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

11. Varying Sleep with Age CHILD SLEEP CHILD SLEEP - The proportion of time spent in REM sleep declines from 50 percent in infancy to 25 percent in toddlers. - Sleep terrors peak during preschool years. - Children who get less sleep are at greater risk of becoming overweight. - Daytime sleepiness in school-age children could be an early sign of approaching puberty. ADOLESCENT SLEEP ADOLESCENT SLEEP - Only one in five teenagers gets the optimal nine hours of sleep on school nights. - High school students who report earning Cs or lower get less sleep than those reporting higher grades. ELDER SLEEP ELDER SLEEP - Insomnia affects nearly half of adults 60 and older. - Elderly people who sleep as well as they did in middle age remain physically and mentally healthier.

12. Sleep Across the Lifespan

13. Functions of Sleep Restoration theory —body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to heal it Restoration theory —body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to heal it Adaptive theory— sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger Adaptive theory— sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger

14. Sleep Disorders Insomnia: difficulty falling or staying Insomnia: difficulty falling or stayingasleep Narcolepsy: difficulty maintaining arousal during waking hours; sleep attacks Narcolepsy: difficulty maintaining arousal during waking hours; sleep attacks(Rusty) Sleep Apnea: difficulty maintaining breathing during sleep Sleep Apnea: difficulty maintaining breathing during sleep Somnambulism: sleepwalking Somnambulism: sleepwalking (About 25% of all children have at least one episode of sleepwalking. It typically occurs during the first three hours of sleep.)

15. Sleep Deprivation  Two types: 1. Chronic 2. Continuous > loss of strength > loss of coordination > difficulty focusing eyes > reduced ability to concentrate > memory impairment > fine hand tremors > reduced ability to regulate body temperature > depressed immune system > hallucinations

16. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

17. Dreaming It is a mental experience that occurs during sleep and consists of vivid images. It is a mental experience that occurs during sleep and consists of vivid images. Usually dreams contain everyday occurrences such as interactions with family, friends, school teachers, and so on. Usually dreams contain everyday occurrences such as interactions with family, friends, school teachers, and so on. - They also contain ideas about fears and inadequacies.

18. Usually contain imagined conquests Take place outdoors more than indoors May be recurrent Usually involve running or jumping Usually involve strong emotions Contain visual, auditory, and even taste sensations. (About 50% of our dreams are in color. No one knows why.) Dream Content

19. Psychoanalytic Theory - Dreams are repressed desires and provide access to the unconscious in symbolic form. Psychoanalytic Theory - Dreams are repressed desires and provide access to the unconscious in symbolic form. - Sexual and aggressive impulses are disguised in our dreams. The Interpretation of Dreams 1900 Activation-Synthesis Model - Dreaming is the brain's attempt to make sense out of the random electrical activity that enters the forebrain during REM sleep. Activation-Synthesis Model - Dreaming is the brain's attempt to make sense out of the random electrical activity that enters the forebrain during REM sleep. - Thus, dreams have no meaning. Problem-Solving Hypothesis - dreams are used to work out problems experienced throughout the day. Problem-Solving Hypothesis - dreams are used to work out problems experienced throughout the day. Off-Line Hypothesis - REM sleep plays a role in learning by integrating new and old information. Off-Line Hypothesis - REM sleep plays a role in learning by integrating new and old information. Replenishment Hypothesis – Dreaming is a time for the brain to replenish chemicals used up during the day. Replenishment Hypothesis – Dreaming is a time for the brain to replenish chemicals used up during the day. Lucid Dreaming - This occurs when a dreamer is aware of dreaming while the dream is happening.

20. Hypnosis Hypnosis > from the word Hynos, the name of Hypnosis > from the word Hynos, the name of the Greek god of sleep - Hypnotized people, however, are not asleep. - It is a systematic procedure used to produce a heightened state of suggestibility. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), an Austrian physician, popularized hypnosis, which he used to treat patients. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), an Austrian physician, popularized hypnosis, which he used to treat patients. - Thus, it became known as mesmerism in Europe. In experiments, the strength, stamina, learning, and perceptual abilities of those under hypnosis are In experiments, the strength, stamina, learning, and perceptual abilities of those under hypnosis are like those of motivated unhypnotized people.

21. Susceptibility Characteristics Susceptibility Characteristics 1. Active imagination 2. Strong ability to concentrate 3. Think favorably of hypnosis 4. Willingness to be hypnotized > Many researchers refer to hypnotic susceptibility as hypnotic ability - the ability to focus attention totally on a task, to become imaginatively absorbed in it, and to entertain fanciful possibilities.

22. Theories of Hypnosis Theories of Hypnosis Dissociation Theory states that mental processes can be split into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness. Dissociation Theory states that mental processes can be split into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness. - Hypnotized subjects can then perform acts that do not register in their conscious memory or can engage in two behaviors while remembering only one of them (automatic writing). Social-Cognitive/Role-Playing Theory states that the effects produced by hypnosis are the results of hypnotized persons' expectations about hypnosis and their social role as "hypnotized subject." Social-Cognitive/Role-Playing Theory states that the effects produced by hypnosis are the results of hypnotized persons' expectations about hypnosis and their social role as "hypnotized subject." - Like actors who get caught up in their roles, they begin to feel and behave in ways appropriate to the role of "good hypnotic subjects." (ear scratching reveals gullibility = unresponsive)

23. QUESTIONS > Can anyone experience hypnosis? Anyone who can turn attention inward and imagine is able to experience some degree of hypnosis - because that's what hypnosis is. > Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? Age regression, the supposed ability to relive childhood experiences, is disputed by research. Age-regressed people act as they believe children would but outperform real children of the specified age regarding spelling and with no change in their adult brain waves and perceptions. Also, hypnotically refreshed memories combine fact with fiction as the hypnotist's hints - "Did you hear loud noises?" - often plant ideas that become the subject's pseudomemory. > Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? In experiments, the behavior of hypnotized subjects are well within the range of behaviors exhibited by unhypnotized subjects.

24. > Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Posthypnotic suggestions, suggestions made during hypnosis that influence a person's later behavior, have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. However, the same positive suggestions given without hypnosis also helped. Drug, alcohol, and smoking addictions do not respond well to hypnosis. > Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Fifty percent of people can gain at least some pain relief from hypnosis and ten percent can undergo major surgery without anesthesia. Some research suggests that hypnosis dissociates the sensations of the pain stimulus (of which the subject is still aware) from the emotional suffering that defines our experience of pain. Other research proposes that the pain relief results from selective attention. PET scans reveal that hypnosis reduces brain activity in a region that processes painful stimuli but not in the sensory cortex that receives the raw sensory input. Thus, hypnosis does not block sensory input, but it may block our attention to those stimuli.

25. Hypnosis  Unhypnotized persons can also do this

26. Meditation Meditation includes a group of techniques that attempt to focus attention and promote relaxation. - Concentrative meditation: focusing all attention on one thing (word, item, sound, etc.) while sitting & breathing deeply. > goal is to become nonresponsive to the external environment

27. Effects Effects - decreased heart rate, blood pressure, & oxygen consumption - increased body temperature in extremities - muscle relaxation - alpha waves become more prominent - increased left frontal lobe activity associated with positive emotions - improved immune system functioning