1. CHAPTER 9-POLICY INSTRUMENTS AND COST EFFECTIVENESS COURSE: EDU645 “POLICY AND REGULATIONS” FELICIAN UNIVERSITY, RUTHERFORD NJ PROFESSOR: DR. JAMES PEDERSEN STUDENT: VIRGINIA DEGRUCHY DATE: APRIL 14,2016

2. LEARNING TO ANALYZE PUBLIC POLICIES This chapter presents three lenses through which school leaders can critically examine policies, both their own and others’. Although these analytical approaches are different, they are complementary. Each brings a slightly different aspect of policy structure into focus. Together they constitute a powerful instrument for closely examining education policies. Unlike the other chapters, the exercises in this one are provided after each major section to permit readers to apply each framework to concrete examples immediately.

3. LOWI’S TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL Distributive- bestows gifts on citizens, and these gifts may be goods, services or special privileges.  Subsidy-may consist of “cash, goods, services, or land”. For example, both the federal and state governments subsidize the building and repair of roads. Regulatory- formalized rules applied to large groups of people.  Regularly licensing- meeting specific requirement to be able to increase the length of the school year. Redistributive- Shifts resources or power from one social group to another.  Most effective to introduce changes gradually and to avoid too many that effect the same people.  Social Security, desegregation, privatization,  Controversial and conflict usually involve large organizations.

4. Distributive Policies Subsidies Many professional development programs State subsidies for school transportation State programs for upgrading computer technology in schools State programs supporting capital outlay School lunch and milk program State or federal block grants Flat grants as part of school funding Some foundation formulas used to allocate state funds to districts Contracts State or district contracts with textbook companies State or district contracts with tasting companies Contracting out transportation, custodial, or cafeteria services Contracts for designing and constructing school facilities Nanregulatory licenses Parking permits issued to students Parking permits issued to staff Library cards issued to community users of a school library

5. Regulatory Policies Regulatory licenses Teacher certification Administrator certification Laws, rules, regulations, and guidelines Graduation requirements State or district curriculum frameworks State or district textbook adoptions State or district rules regarding school day, week, and year Dress codes Fire and safety codes Compulsory attendance requirements School discipline codes Federal or state grants with detailed guidelines Required criminal record checks Prescribed teacher evaluation procedures Some foundation formulas used to allocate state I funds to districts

6. Redistributive Policies Affirmative action programs Desegregation Education for All Handicapped Children Act Privatization of school management Privatization of teaching special subjects School finance systems based on power equalizing School finance systems baked on full state funding Site-based management Title I (remedial programs for the poor) Title IX (gender equity). Vouchers

7. OVERLAP OF LOWI’S CATEGORIES School lunch program is distributive but are also regulatory due to the rules of lunch content. Free/Reduced lunch redistributes public money

8. USING LOWI’S CATEGORIES IN SCHOOL LEADERSHIP Lowi’s basic policy types provide a way to anticipate the political environment that develops around a policy. Anticipating Political Situations Managing Policy Change Planning Influence Strategies

9. MCDONNELL & ELMORE’S POLICY INSTRUMENTS Mandates- is a "rule governing the actions of Individuals and agencies." Inducements- is a “transfer of money with instruction on how it is to be used for production of goods or services.” Capacity Building- can be defined as “ the transfer of money for the purpose of investment in material, intellectual, or human resources”. System Changes- is a “shifting that authority to different individuals or agencies.”

10. MCDONNELL & ELMORE’S POLICY INSTRUMENTS Four alternative policy mechanisms that translate into substantive policy goals into concrete actions.  Mandates, inducements, capacity building and system changing, hortatory or persuasion. Used when new behavior is needed but current staff and organization are unresponsive to demands and changes  Hortatory or Persuasion- certain goals or actions are a high priority by government.  Recycling campaigns  NCLB “No Child Leaf Behind”

11. STRATEGIES Distributive- little conflict, inform legislators of how the policy effects your district, suggest ways to amend it. Regulatory- competitive but pragmatic political arena, identify competitors and their positions, develop coalitions, talk to your organizations lobbyist. Redistributive- identify who may join you, form an ad hoc umbrella organization, requires long term persistence.

12. TABLE 9.1 –P. 250 MCDONNELL AND ELMORE'S POLICY INSTRUMENTS Policy Instrument Components Best Context Costs Major Drawback Mandates 1. Language 1.Uniform 1. Enforcement Adversarial requiring behavior 2. Compliance relationships behavior desirable 3. Avoidance 2. Penalty 2. Strong support Inducements 1. Short-term Diverse behavior Oversight Excessive transfer desirable diversity of resources 2. Guidelines Capacity Building 1. Long-term Existing 1.investment Intangibility of investment institutions 2. Administration short-term 2. Guidelines unable to respond results

13. TABLE 9.1 MCDONNELL AND ELMORE'S POLICY INSTRUMENTS Policy Instrument Components Best Context Costs Major Drawback System-Change Shift of Existing Countering Unpredictable authority institutions resistance results unwilling to respond Hortatory Policy 1. Information Target population Disseminating Danger of 2.Symbols, most likely information manipulation Images, to act on 3. Appeal to values information

14. EXAMPLES 1) Requiring teachers to submit lesson plans to their principal. 2) Using a large reserve fund to repair buildings. 3) Adopting a uniform dress code for students. 4) Reducing class size to 15 in K-3. 5) Implementing a pay to play policy for sports. 6) Applying for a grant to support dropout prevention. 7) Applying for federal funds for a preschool program. 8) Providing a day of release time each yr. for teachers to attend a technology workshop. 9)Moving to an intradistrict open enrollment plan. 10) Requiring more frequent evaluations of teachers whose students have low state test scores. P. 246

15. COST ANALYSIS Cost- anything you have to give up to obtain the benefit. Tangible Cost – can be quantified  Higher test scores Intangible Cost- can’t be quantified  Teacher burnout rate, low student morale Cost Analysis Steps  Identify the true policy objective  Determine how effective the alternatives will be measured.

16. CONCLUSION School leaders must reflect before acting. Use one of the three types of analysis  Lowi’s Technique of Control  McDonnell & Elmore’s Policy Instrument  Analysis of Cost and Effectiveness

17. CHAPTER 9 POLICY JEOPARDY Chapter 9 Policy Jeopardy NOTE: To open “Chapter 9 Policy Jeopardy” right mouse on the link and then left mouse on “Open Hyperlink” to view this link on an internet computer. Thank you for viewing this presentation!