1. Austria Hungary & the Ottoman Empire: Balkan Nationalism and Pan-Slavism THEMES: 1. Intertwining Ideologies liberalism, nationalism and conservativism during 19 th century quests for nationhood 2. Nationalism as a force for separation

2. 1815 At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. Congress of Vienna sought to create a balance of power, yet Austria was still the oldest, largest, most powerful empire in Eastern Europe.

3. Prince von Metternich Foreign Minister for Austria from 1809 until 1848 CONSERVATIVE & REACTIONARY Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries Resistance to Change Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy Carlsbad Decrees Decrees established censorship of newspapers Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities Other Prohibitions Metternich called meeting of other European powers regarding nationalists revolts Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution Congress of Troppau

4. What happens when a people share a common history, language, culture, and religion, but have no definitive or current legal claim on a territory? Looking at the map of the Balkan region, why might it be difficult to allow the creation of independent nations based on ethnicity?

5. 1848 At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s.

6. Revolutions of 1848 Metternich's hypothesis that revolution could spread from one country to another was proven true France  King Louis Philippe presided over a bourgeoisie- dominated government. – 30% of adult males vote Socio-economic unrest… again. – Urban working class: stagnant wages and high unemployment – 1846: a severe famine causes inflation of food prices – middle class liberals: expanded suffrage Revolution of “barricades” – Violence scares Louis Philippe into abdication – National Workshops: state-owned manufacturing establishments where workers supposed to be guaranteed work, but govt didn’t create jobs. – 3 days of violent class warfare broke out in Paris as military turned on lower classes. New constitution – universal male suffrage to elect president – Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ran fact that he was Napoleon’s nephew and he would be liberal. – Not so much: reestablishing order, conservative and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. Austria Vienna: students, workers, and middle class liberals revolt & set up a constituent assembly. Budapest: the Magyars want national autonomy Prague: the Czechs want of self-government. Tuscany: new constitution declared with the goal of overthrowing their Austria thru Italian unification and Mazzini’s “Young Italy” Austrian army crushed the liberals and democrats conservative establishment still in control Metternich runs from Vienna in disguise, after forced to resign by emperor

7. 1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule –Almost won independence –Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily But, Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.

8. As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859 1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians Franz Josef I, Hungarian nationalist movement leaders reached agreement, Compromise of 1867 Forming a New Government Created dual monarchy of Austria- Hungary Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary Each had own parliament, shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs Compromise of 1867 The Dual Monarchy

9. Unrest in empire did not go away; divisions remained among various nationalities Austrian Germans, Hungarian Magyars did not speak same language Ethnic minorities received little benefit from Dual Monarchy, continued to seek self-government Unrest Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918 Eased pressure for nationalism; also had economic advantages Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products Rural and Industrial An Uneven Solution structure of government: 2 separate, equal states under 1 ruler, with separate parliaments but some shared government ministries, as well as a joint government

10. “Liberal Progress” meets new challenges liberal bourgeois politicians focused on economic policies to try to keep pace with rest of Europe: – free trade, laissez-faire, expanding markets Atmosphere and attitudes changed significantly by 1900: conservative movement gained mass appeal with charisma, fantasy, and mere appearances. – anti- Germanic feelings (supported by most ethnic minorities in the empire) – anti- capitalist opinions (supported by millions of farmers, peasants, and the very small worker population) – anti-Semitic perspectives (supported by everyone from artisans to students to the agrarian poor to the militarists) – nationalist hopes (supported by the lower-middle class) Irrational politics: demagoguery, scapegoating, fear, discontent

11. Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s

12. Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled Empire in Decline Situation created “Eastern Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed? Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off The Eastern Question European nations always involving themselves in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire -involved in wars to protect their own territorial interests -involved in treaties and conferences to maintain balance of power -interested in protecting economic ambitions in the region

13. Land Dispute and “Disrespect” Ottomans and Europeans had long standing dispute over Holy Land Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Palestine holy places, but denied Orthodox Christians same rights Foreign Interference Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to interests in India and Persia Great Britain allied with France b/c both gov’ts fearing an expansionist Russia threatened balance of power and their interests in Asia Both joined Ottoman Empire in war against Russia Russian Invasion Russians were looking to expand its hegemony over eastern Europe & Middle East With massive, but not industrial army, Russians invaded Ottoman territories Stalemate Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths Brutal loss for Russia Took its toll on Ottoman Empire Made it sultanate weak Example of Foreign Interference in Ottoman Empire: The Crimea

14. Hot Spot: “The Balkan Powder Keg” Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in Balkan region Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence Hegemony: “The Rise of Pan-Slavism” Rising nationalism  revolts Rising Russian influence  Russian interference on behalf of Slavic nationals Fear of upset of balance of power in Europe  European powers entering into several conflicts & wars throughout 19th Russia’s need for warm water ports  Russia directly attacking Ottoman Empire GB & France primarily interested in protecting colonial markets and resources  jumped sides (Russia or Ottoman) whenever it was in their best interest The Balkan Crises (began in 1874, eventually sparks WWI in 1914)

15. Hot Spot: “The Balkan Powder Keg” Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in Balkan region Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence Hegemony: “The Rise of Pan-Slavism” Rising nationalism  revolts Rising Russian influence  Russian interference on behalf of Slavic nationals Fear of upset of balance of power in Europe  European powers entering into several conflicts & wars throughout 19th Russia’s need for warm water ports  Russia directly attacking Ottoman Empire GB & France primarily interested in protecting colonial markets and resources  jumped sides (Russia or Ottoman) whenever it was in their best interest The Balkan Crises (began in 1874, eventually sparks WWI in 1914)

16. The Goals Germany (Prussia) wanted to secure Austrian control over volatile ethnic groups to bring stability into region GB and F wanted to overturn Russian gains made against Ottomans in order to limit Russian influence and maintain Ottoman control of Middle East The Results Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic or national ties  leads to conflicts for years to come The 1878 Congress of Berlin (the temporary Band-aid) With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers became alarmed, so Prussia hosted the Congress of Berlin to discuss situation.

17. nationalism as a force for separation dominant multicultural empire (Austria or Ottoman) EX: Hungary: people with a common culture, religion, language want their own territory and govt separate from Austrian Empire EX: Serbia: people with a common culture, religion, language want their own territory and govt separate from Ottoman Empire EX: Greece: people with a common history, culture, religion, language want their own territory and govt separate from Ottoman Empire The breaking apart of large empires disrupts the balance of power between major European players by destroying existing powerful empires and opening up new opportunities to advance other empires’ hegemony.