1. Lecture 6 Well Drilling Fall 2012

2. Drilling can be at Every Corner of the Earth!

3. Selecting the Drilling Site Operating Company Geological Factors Legal Factor Economic Factor

4. Steps to Decide the Site 1. 1.Seismic sections are reviewed and analyzed. 2. 2.Lease terms and agreements are thoroughly reviewed by legal experts for clear title and right-of-way for access. 3. 3.Exact boundaries and locations are established or confirmed by land surveyors. 4. 4.The necessary funds to pay for drilling the well are confirmed.

5. Well Types Exploration well: It is drilled primarily for the purpose of determining that oil or gas actually exists in a subsurface rock formation. Wildcat well Appraisal well: Development well: It is a well that is drilled after an exploration well has confirmed the presence of petroleum in the formation.

6. Preparing Site Offshore:Offshore: Buoys are set to mark the site. Land:Land: –The site is cleared and leveled; –Access roads and a turn around are built; –A water well is drilled, or pumps and a waterline are installed to bring water from a suitable stream, river, or lake. –Dig the reserve pit and lined with plastic. –Dig the cellar (rectangular pit). Mountainous AreaMountainous Area

7. Type of Rigs Land rig:Land rig: A small wheeled and self-propelled Land Rig, used for drill small "pot holes" for shallow gas and oil, or for "work-over". A typical full size Land Rig, able to drill to 30,000 ft.

8. Type of Rigs Offshore rig:Offshore rig: Inland Drill Barges/Swamp barges, they can work in 5 to 20 ft. water depth in very sheltered waters. A modern Dynamic Positioned Drillship.

9. Layout of the Drill Site 1.crown block 2.derrick 3.travelling block 4.swivel 5.standpipe 6.rotary drive 7.drawwork 8.kelly 9.blowout prevention equipment 10.mud pump 11.mud pit 12.engines 13.drill pipe 14.casing 15.cement 16.drill bit

10. Figure A typical onshore rotary drilling rig

11. Hoisting and Rotating Systems (Courtesy EXLOG)

12. Circulation System Figure 1.13 Components of the circulating system for a rotary drilling rig.

13. Type of Bits Tri-cone BitsTri-cone Bits PDC bitsPDC bits (Polycrystalline diamond compact bit)

14. Drilling Fluids MudMud –Water-base mud: a suspension of clay (bentonite/gel) in ordinary fresh water. –Oil-base mud: more expensive; used where formations would be damaged by water-base drilling fluids. –Air, foam or mist. Added chemicalsAdded chemicals weighting material: barite

15. Multilateral Well

19. Many vertical wells A few horizontal wells One Multilateral well Multilateral Well

20. 四、胜利油田大位移井完井及采油技术 大位移井是在定向井、水平井和深井钻井技术的基础上发展起来的一种 新型开采技术，目前大位移井在世界范围内广为应用。

21. 大位移井的基本概念 （ 1 ）国际上普遍采用的定义：井的水平位移与垂深之比等于 2 或 大于 2 的井称为大位移井。 （ 2 ）另外的定义：水平位移等于 3000 米或大于 3000 米的井。 大位移井的英文名称 Extended Reach Well 水平位移 水平位移 / 垂深 ≥2 垂深垂深 造斜点

22. 7in 套管 4 1 / 2 in 防砂管 7in 防砂封隔器 3 1 / 2 in 油管 泵 郑王庄稠油油藏 SAGD 方案 ：直井＋水平井

23. Jobs on the Rig-Personnel RoustaboutRoustabout Scraping rust, hosing down, painting, carrying cans of dope, unloading materials and supplies, etc. RoughneckRoughneck Operating the cat-head, handling the slips and tongs, standing pipe back in the derrick, assisting in mixing the slush, and so on. DerrickmanDerrickman He attaches or detaches the elevators when pipe or casing is run into or pulled out of the hole. The derrickman also cleans, oils, greases, inspects and repairs the pulley blocks and cables. DrillerDriller

24. Jobs on the Rig - Operations 1.Keeping a sharp bit on bottom, drilling as efficiently as possible; 2.Adding a new joint of pipe as the hole deepens; 3.Tripping the drill string out of the hole to put on a new bit and running it back to bottom, or making a round trip; 4.Running and cementing casing, large-diameter steel pipe that is put into the hole at various, predetermined intervals. (Other special casing crews)

25. Casing Off the Well

26. Running Surface Casing Surface casing:Surface casing: The first string of casing in well, large in diameter, steel pipe. Special tools used:Special tools used: a. centralizers − help keep the casing string centralized in the wellbore; b. scratchers − help improve removal of filter cake from the wellbore. c. guide shoes − helps guide the casing past small ledges or debris in the hole;

27. Casing Off the Well

28. Cementation An oil well cementing service company is usually called in for this job, although, as when casing is run, the rig crew is available to lend assistance.An oil well cementing service company is usually called in for this job, although, as when casing is run, the rig crew is available to lend assistance. 1)Mixing with a jet-mixing hopper ( 给 料器 ). 2)Bottom plug (rubber plug) is released from the cementing head and precedes the slurry down into the casing.

29. Cementation 3)The bottom plug stops or “seats” in the float collar. The cement slurry passes through the bottom plug and continues on down the casing. The slurry then flows out through the opening in the guide shoe and starts up the annular space. 4)A top plug (solid) is released from as the last of the cement slurry enters the casing. 5)By the time the top plug seats on or “bumps” the bottom plug in the float collar, which signals the cementing pump operator to shut down the pumps, the cement is only in the casing below the float collar and in the annular space. WOC: waiting on cement ( 水泥侯凝时间 )

30. Cementation After the cement hardens and tests indicate that the job is good, the rig crew attaches or nipples up the blowout preventer stack to the top of the casing. The BOP stack is pressure-tested, and drilling is resumed.After the cement hardens and tests indicate that the job is good, the rig crew attaches or nipples up the blowout preventer stack to the top of the casing. The BOP stack is pressure-tested, and drilling is resumed.

31. Casing Off the Well

32. Running Intermediate Casing and Drilling to Final Depth Intermediate casingIntermediate casing Used in deeper wells or troublesome formation to avoid hole collapse. Contain high-pressure formation fluids Blow out! Sloughing shale Falls or slough into the hole! etc…

33. When the formation (that is supposed to contain hydrocarbons) is penetrated by the hole. It is now time for a big decision. The question is, Running Intermediate Casing and Drilling to Final Depth “Does this well contain enough oil or gas to make it worthwhile to run the final production string of casing and complete the well?”

34. Casing Off the Well

35. Well logs Wireline log (the largest categories of logs)Wireline log (the largest categories of logs) –Electrical logs (open-hole logs)  resistivity –Radioactive logs (open-hole or cased well)  radioactivity gamma ray curve neutron curve –Miscellaneous logging services acoustic log caliper log temperature log dip log Cased holeOpen hole

36. Principle of Openhole Wireline Logs

37. Well Logging History First well logging recorded by Henri Doll in 1927. Schlumberger logging truck in the past.

38. Well Logging History Gamma ray and resistivity logs

39. Coring Conventional coringConventional coring –Diamond core bit, core barrel Sidewall coringSidewall coring –Supplemental coring method (Courtesy of Geodrilling Bits Mfr.)

40. Rock Cores The cores are labeled as to depth, and then given to geologists for checking. http://www.geomore.com/

41. Casing Off the Well

42. Setting Production Casing and Perforating Usually, the production casing is set and cemented through the pay zone; that is, the hole is drilled to a depth beyond the producing formation, and the casing is set to a point near the bottom of the hole.Usually, the production casing is set and cemented through the pay zone; that is, the hole is drilled to a depth beyond the producing formation, and the casing is set to a point near the bottom of the hole. Since the pay zone is sealed off by the production string and cement, perforations must be made in order for the oil or gas to flow into the wellbore.Since the pay zone is sealed off by the production string and cement, perforations must be made in order for the oil or gas to flow into the wellbore. The most common method of perforating incorporates shaped- charge explosives.The most common method of perforating incorporates shaped- charge explosives.

43. Casing Off the Well

44. Perforated Casing Completion Running a string of casing from surface to the bottom of the hole.Running a string of casing from surface to the bottom of the hole. Cementing the casing in place.Cementing the casing in place. PerforatingPerforating http://www.geomore.com/

45. Perforated Casing Completion

46. Shaped-Charge Perforation Shaped charges accomplish penetration by creating a jet of high- pressure, high-velocity gas. The charges are arranged in a tool called a gun that is lowered into the well opposite the producing zone. Usually the gun is lowered in on wireline.Shaped charges accomplish penetration by creating a jet of high- pressure, high-velocity gas. The charges are arranged in a tool called a gun that is lowered into the well opposite the producing zone. Usually the gun is lowered in on wireline. When the gun is in position, the charges are fired by electronic means from the surface.When the gun is in position, the charges are fired by electronic means from the surface. After the perforations are made, the tool is retrieved.After the perforations are made, the tool is retrieved.

47. Installing Christmas Tree (X-Tree) TubingTubing A small-diameter pipe called tubing is placed in the well to serve as a way for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. PackerPacker The packer goes on the outside of the tubing and is placed at a depth just above the producing zone. When the packer is expanded, it grips the wall of the production casing and forms a seal in the annular space between the outside of the tubing and the inside of the casing. Thus, as the produced fluids flow out of the formation through the perforations, they are forced to enter the tubing to get to the surface.

48. Installing Christmas Tree (X-Tree)

49. Well Control Kick ( 井涌 )Kick ( 井涌 ) Blowout ( 井喷 )Blowout ( 井喷 ) Blowout preventers (BOP)Blowout preventers (BOP) They are large, high-pressure valves capable of being remotely controlled. When closed, they form a pressure-tight seal at the top of the well and prevent the escape of fluids. 1) annular-type preventer 2) ram-type preventer: blind ram and pipe ram

50. Annular-type Preventer

51. Ram-type Preventer (seal off open hole) blind ram (seal off annular)(shear the pipes)