1. 447 FINAL REVIEW

2. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drafting Serves as a way to explain ideas visually Provides an important function in design and manufacturing Involves use of manual (paper/pencil) or computer-aided drafting or design (CAD) tools to prepare drawings computer-aided drafting or design (CAD)

3. 3 Types of Drawings Sketches Used to quickly illustrate mental image of product. Mechanical drawings More refined than sketches. Typically made using CAD Presentation drawings Typically, combination of rendered drawings and documentation

4. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drawings Often best way to explain or show ideas Produced manually or with a CAD system

5. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drafting (Cont.) “Universal language” – Symbols make it possible to understand drawings made in other countries “Language of industry” – Precise language communicates designer’s information to those who produce product

6. Engineers Provide technical and managerial leadership in industry and government Design, plan, and develop products and processes Must meet requirements for licensing – Graduation from approved engineering college – Four years of experience – Passing score on required examination

7. Architects Responsible for planning and designing structures May specialize in particular area Must meet requirements for professional registration – Bachelor’s degree from accredited college – Internship with architectural firm – Passing score on special examination

8. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Industrial Designers Simplify and improve industrial products Aware of changing customs and tastes Possess artistic ability Must have working knowledge of manufacturing Engineering degree recommended

9. Interior Designers Design and decorate interior spaces of buildings Work directly with architects in designing buildings Must have artistic skill Train at trade schools, art institutes, colleges, and universities

10. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sketching One of many drafting techniques Quick way to show ideas Used to develop engineering concepts and ideas Requires only pencils, paper, and eraser

11. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sketched Lines Made with a series of short, overlapping strokes Light construction lines are drawn first, then darkened to correct weight

12. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Sketching Guidelines All sketched lines should be done freehand No straight edges should be used All sketched lines should have good continuity from end to end Lines should be smooth and continuous Objects must be PROPORTIONAL

13. Drafting Equipment

14. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Triangles Used with T-square to draw vertical and inclined lines Made from transparent plastic May be combined to create additional angles

15. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Compass Used to draw circles and arcs Available in a variety of types and sizes

16. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Protractor Used to measure and lay out nontypical angles May be circular or semicircular in shape

17. Systems of Measurement US Customary system Standard used in United States SI Metric system International standard

18. Convert From Fraction To Decimal: 1/8 ______ 5/8 ______ 3/4 ______ 3/8 ______ 1/4 ______ +/- Fractions 3/16 is between _____ and _____ 7/8 is between _____ and _____ 7-1/8 is between _____ and _____ 1-7/16 is between _____ and _____ 3-1/4 is between _____ and _____ Convert From Decimal To Fraction:.875 ______.500 ______.250 ______.625 ______.125 ______ Convert From Decimal To Fraction:.875 ______.500 ______.250 ______.625 ______.125 ______ Add/Subtract Fractions: 1-1/8” + 3/8” 2-1/2” -7/8” 3-1/4” + 3/4” 1/2" + 3/8” 3/4"– 5/8”

19. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Scale Used to make accurate drawings Also refers to the size to which object is drawn Selection determined by: – Drawing application – Object size – Sheet size

20. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

21. Construction Lines and Guidelines Construction lines – Generally erased on final product Guidelines – Generally not erased Should be drawn just dark enough so that drafter can barely see them

22. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Object Lines Used to outline visible edges and intersections Drawn thick, black Should be drawn so that views stand out sharply and clearly on drawing

23. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hidden Lines Used to indicate hidden edges and intersections Also called hidden object lines Drawn thin, dashed

24. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Centerlines Used to represent centers of round objects Drawn thin, black Line should either stop short of or extend through limits of whatever is round or cylindrical in shape

25. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Dimension Lines Terminated at ends by arrows Placed between two extension lines Break in center of line contains dimension number or fraction Drawn thin (to same weight as centerlines)

26. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Three Words to Remember in Drafting Accuracy – Measurements must be made accurately Neatness – Drawings must be clean and legible Speed – Drawings should be completed efficiently and rapidly

27. File Management Commands New (template.idw) Open (drawing.dwg) Close Save Save as

28. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drawing Aids Grid Object snap – (osnap) – Endpoint-square – Midpoint-triangle – Center-circle

29. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Layers Used to organize drawing content Assigned colors Assigned linetypeslinetypes Specified in a drawing template

30. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drawing Setup Functions Specify drawing unit format Determine drawing scale and sheet size Create layers Save common user settings in a templatetemplate Extention:. idw

31. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Object Drawing Commands Line Circle Arc

32. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drawing Lines Line command typically used Requires two coordinates – More coordinates may be added within single command sequence Use proper linetype – Set appropriate layer current before drawing

33. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Drawing Circles Circle command typically used Use appropriate method – Specify center point and radius or diameter – Specify points along perimeter of circle – Enter radius and select two lines or two circles to which circle should be tangent

34. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Editing and Modifying Commands Move Copy Rotate Undo Erase Trim

35. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Display Commands Zoom command – Used to zoom in (to view drawing details) or zoom out (to reduce the view) Pan command – Used to adjust view in real time without changing magnification More advanced commands available in 3D drawing programs

36. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Array Command Used to copy objects in rectangular or polar pattern. – Rows, columns, and offset specified for rectangular array. – Number of objects, center point, and angle specified for polar array.

37. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Mirroring Objects Mirror command typically used – Used to create symmetrical objects by creating mirrored copy of object – Select object to mirror – Specify mirror axis – Keep or delete original object

38. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fillet command typically used – Used to create round or filletroundfillet – Set radius – Select entities forming intersection

39. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Dimensioning Used to communicate the size and shape of the product Shown with dimensions and notesdimensions Drafter defines what information is pertinent for assembly of product

40. Types of Dimensions Overall dimensions Location dimensions Size dimensions

41. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Dimensioning Circles and Arcs Dimension circles by giving diameter Dimension arcs by giving radius

42. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Multiview Drawings Same drafting principles are used whether making a mechanical drawing or CAD drawingmechanical drawing Principal views used to project necessary views Principal views

43. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Orthographic Projection Primary tool used to project views in drafting Used to develop views for objects

44. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

45. Projecting Views Each view shows minimum of two dimensions – Front view shows width and height – Top view shows width and depth – Side view shows height and depth Two adjacent views have one dimension in common

46. Projecting Elements Between Views © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

47. Visualizing a 3- Dimensional Object from a Multiview Drawing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

48. Three-Dimensional Modeling 3-D models include X, Y, and Z dimensions Allows better definition of three-dimensional objects There are 3 types of 3-D models Wireframe Surface Solid

49. ViewCube The ViewCube tool is a persistent, clickable and draggable interface that you use to switch between standard and isometric views of your model

50. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Surface Modeling Creates 3D objects by giving wireframe “skin.” Used for rendering and animation. Not typically used in manufacturing applications.

51. Solid Models Model Contains edges and vertices, exterior surfaces, and interior details Part is unambiguously defined May be used for engineering analysis

52. Primitives

53. Extrude

54. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 3D Animation and Rendering CommandsAnimationRendering Material – Used to define and apply surface textures to objects Render – Used to “color” the drawing Animate – Used to add movement to objects – Series of still images played sequentially

55. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Architectural Drawings Produced by architect Used to provide trade workers with information needed to construct buildings Designed to establish appeal of final product

56. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Site Plan Shows location of structure on site Shows constructed features – Walks – Driveways – Patios Includes overall building and lot dimensions May show contour linescontour lines

57. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Floor Plan Shows exterior and interior building features – Doors and windows – Interior room arrangement – Stairs – Permenant Fixtures (Kitchen, Bath) Other types of plans are developed in relation to floor plan – Electrical plan – HVAC plan – Plumbing plan

58. FLOOR PLAN

59. Floor Plan Symbols

60. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Elevations Used to show views of a building from various positions Used to show specific levels and heights of structure – Floor levels – Grade lines – Window and door heights – Foundation and footing lines Include representations of building materials

61. 61 Square Foot Method Example A 24' x 60' house with a 20' x 20' garage has 1,440 square feet of living space plus 400 square feet of garage space. If the building cost is $100 per square foot, then the building cost for the living area is $144,000. – Calculation: 1,440 x $100 = $144,000 (continued)

62. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1.Drafting is the process of creating _____. A.scale models B.technical drawings C.algorithms D. prototypes B. technical drawings

63. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 5._____ is the relationship of one part of an object to another part, or to the whole object. Proportion

64. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 10.Which instrument is used to measure and mark off angles? A. Scale B. Protractor C. Dividers D. Irregular curve B. Protractor

65. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 7.A(n) _____ dimension measures the distance from the center of an arc to a point on that arc. radius

66. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1.Which instrument is used to draw inclined lines? A. Compass B. Dividers C. Triangle D. Irregular curve C. Triangle

67. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 4._____ lines are used to represent features that are concealed from the observer. A. Hidden B. Object C. Extension D. Section A. Hidden

68. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 4.In the standard arrangement of views, the top view appears above the _____ view. front

69. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 1.The diameter of a cylinder is an example of a(n) _____ dimension. A. size B. angular C. location D. None of the above. A. size

70. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 7.Hole features are dimensioned by specifying the _____. diameter

71. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 4.The _____ command is used to create multiple copies of objects in rectangular or circular patterns. A. Scale B. Rotate C. Layer D. Array

72. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 5.The _____ command is used to enlarge or reduce the drawing display by changing the magnification factor. A. Scale B. Zoom C. Pan D. Hatch B. Zoom

73. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review Questions 9.A _____ is a virtual piece of paper on which objects are placed. A. grid B. hatch C. layer D. block C. layer

74. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The _____ command can be used to restore an object that has been erased unintentionally. Undo