1. Unit 10 – Personality Overview Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the UnconsciousFreud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious Psychodynamic Theories and Modern Views of the UnconsciousPsychodynamic Theories and Modern Views of the Unconscious Humanistic Theories Trait Theories Social-Cognitive Theories and Exploring the SelfSocial-Cognitive Theories and Exploring the Self Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

2. Introduction Personality An individual’s Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting -Tolkien’s Frodo and Sam Gamgee https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=O_NmCh42hZM

4. Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas -Freud is credited with the discovery of the un- conscious mind -Lived in Victorian era- much sexual repression and male dominance

5. Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas Parts of the mind –Conscious –Preconscious – outside of awareness but accessible –UnconsciousUnconscious Free association Psychoanalysis Repression

6. Freud’s Parts of the Mind –Conscious –Preconscious – outside of awareness but accessible –Unconscious – (Freud)- a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories; current psychologists = information processing of which we are unawareUnconscious

7. Freud’s Parts of the Mind Free association- a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mindFree association Psychoanalysis – Freud’s theory of personality that attributes all thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; technique to expose and interpret unconscious tensionsPsychoanalysis Repression- banishing from consciousness all anxiety-arousing thoughts and memories

8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory- Personality Structure –IdId Pleasure seeking principle –EgoEgo Reality principle Gratify the Id in realistic ways –Superego –Superego Develops at age 4-5 years; voice of moral conscience

9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory- Personality Structure Human personality results from conflict between impulse and restraint between the Id and the Superego The Ego struggles to reconcile the Id and the Superego Id = sexual and aggressive drives/immediate gratification Ego = “executive” part of personality that strives to realistically bring about pleasure Superego = internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and behaviour

10. Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas Personality Development Psychosexual stages –Oral –Anal –Phallic –Latency –Genital

11. Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas Personality Development

12. Erogenous zones - Oedipus and Electra complex Identification – with parentIdentification Gender identity – identity with same sex parent helps us Identify as male or female Fixation – lock pleasure-seekingFixation energies at an earlier psychosexual stage due to unresolved conflict

13. Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms –RepressionRepression –Regression –Reaction formation –Projection –Rationalization –Displacement –Sublimation –Denial

15. Defense Mechanisms –Denial – refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities –E.g. a partner denies evidence of his loved one’s affair

16. Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective Contradictory Evidence Modern challenges to repression Too much influence on parental identity and underestimated peer Influence Conscience and gender probably do not form completely by age 5

18. The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists Psychodynamic theory- personality is based on unconscious and thePsychodynamic theory importance of childhood experiences Neo-Freudians: Adler, HORN-eye, and Jung –Adler’s inferiority complex –Horney’s sense of helplessness –Jung’s collective unconsciouscollective unconscious

19. The Neo-Freudians Adler: individual feels his existence to be worthwhile & is overcoming feelings of inferiority Horney: women are not infantile & emotional creatures with penis envy, incapable of independence & responsibility Jung: collective unconscious – a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history; creative impulses flow from the unconscious

20. Assessing Unconscious Processes Projective Test – “psychological x-ray” – personality test designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamicsProjective Test –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Thematic Apperception Test –Rorschach Inkblot TestRorschach Inkblot Test

21. The Modern Unconscious Mind False consensus effect – tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefsFalse consensus effect Terror management theory – theory of deathTerror management theory -related anxiety; explores emotional responses to reminders of our impending death

22. Humanistic theorists focused on the ways people strive for self-determination & self-realization. In contrast to behaviorism, they studied people through their own self-reported experiences.

23. Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person Abraham Maslow Self-actualizationSelf-actualization – process of fulfilling our potential, after basic physical & psychologic needs are met –Self-transcendence – meaning & purposebeyond the self –Peak experiences

24. Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective –Growth promoting climate – people are basically good & show Genuineness Acceptance Empathy –Unconditional positive regard – total acceptance toward another personUnconditional positive regard –Self-concept – all thoughts & feelings about ourselvesSelf-concept

25. Humanists: Assessing the Self Self-report tests Ideal versus actual self Standardized questionnaires are Depersonalizing; interviews and intimate conversation are better to understand people’s experiences

26. Evaluating Humanistic Theories Renewed interest in self-concept Criticisms –Vague and subjective –Individualistic and Western biased –Naïve

27. Traits are characteristic patterns of behavior/disposition to feel & act, assessed by self-report inventories & peer reports

28. Exploring Traits - Factor Analysis Isabel Myers & Katharine Briggs – Myers & Briggs Personality Type Indicator Test Factor analysis –Eysenck & Eysenck Extroversion versus introversion Emotional stability versus instability Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

29. Exploring Traits - Factor Analysis

30. Exploring Traits - Biology & Personality Brain scans –Brain arousal Genetics –Autonomic nervous system reactivity

31. Assessing Traits Personality inventory –Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – personality inventory of traits; used by employersMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Empirically derived test – test a pool of items & select those that discriminate between groups; scored objectivelyEmpirically derived test Objective test – computers can score Lie scale – assesses faking; answering false to a universally true statement such as “I get angry sometimes”

32. The Big Five Factors The Big Five –Conscientiousness –Agreeableness –Neuroticism Emotional stability vs instability –Openness –Extraversion

34. Evaluating Trait Theories The Person-Situation Controversy Person-situation controversy –Are traits consistent? –Can traits predict behavior?

36. Social-Cognitive Theories Social-cognitive perspective – views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits andSocial-cognitive perspective their social context (Bandura) –behavioral approach-behavioral approach Personality development is due to learning: we repeat Behaviors due to observing &imitating others

37. Social-Cognitive Theories: Reciprocal Influences Reciprocal determinism The social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, environment & our behaviors

38. Social-Cognitive Theories - Reciprocal Influences Ways individuals & the environment interact –Different people choose different environments- schools, TV shows, music –Our personalities shape how we interpret & react to events: anxious people are attuned to threatening events –Our personality help create situations to which we react : how we treat people influences how they respond to us

39. Social-Cognitive Theories Optimism versus Pessimism Optimism and Health Excessive Optimism Blindness to one’s own incompetence Positive psychology –Positive psychology scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover & promote strengths

40. Social-Cognitive Theories Assessing Behavior in Situations US Army spy training – use simulated undercover conditions that better test ability to handle stress than a paper test Business use of simulations – past behavior patterns reflect behavior in new similar situations

41. Comparing Major Personality Theories

43. Exploring the Self - The Benefits of Self-Esteem Self-esteem – one’s feelings of high or lowSelf-esteem self worth Self-efficacy – one’sSelf-efficacy sense of competence & effectiveness

44. Exploring the Self: Self-Serving Bias Self-serving bias –People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, successes than failures –Most people see themselves as better than average Defensive self-esteem Narcissism – excessive self-love and self- absorptionNarcissism

45. Exploring the Self: Culture & the Self Individualism – priority for one’s own goals over group goals & defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributesIndividualism Western cultures Collectivism – giving priority to goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity according to a groupCollectivism Eastern cultures

46. Exploring the Self- Culture & the Self

47. Personality = an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

48. Free Association = in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

49. Psychoanalysis = Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

50. Unconscious = according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

51. Id = a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

52. Ego = the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

53. Superego = the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

54. Psychosexual Stages = the childhood stages of development, (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

55. Oedipus Complex = according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

56. Identification = the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos.

57. Fixation = according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual state, in which conflicts were unresolved.

58. Defense Mechanisms = in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

59. Repression = in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

60. Psychodynamic Theories = modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

61. Collective Unconscious = Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

62. Projective Test = a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

63. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) = a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

64. Rorschach Inkblot Test = the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

65. False Consensus Effect = the tendency to overstimulate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors.

66. Terror-Management Theory = a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

67. Humanistic Theories = view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

68. Self-Actualization = according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

69. Unconditional Positive Regard = according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

70. Self-Concept = all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

71. Trait = a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

72. Personality Inventory = a questionnaire (often true-false or agree- disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

73. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) = the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

74. Empirically Derived Test = a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

75. Social-Cognitive Perspective = views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

76. Behavioral Approach = in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

77. Reciprocal Determinism = the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

78. Positive Psychology = the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

79. Self = in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

80. Spotlight Effect = overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

81. Self-Esteem = one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

82. Self-Efficacy = one’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

83. Self-Serving Bias = a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

84. Narcissism = excessive self-love and self-absorption.

85. Individualism = giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

86. Collectivism = giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.