2. The Link Between Technology and Development By the end of this lesson you will: 1.Understand the link between technology and development. 2.Be aware of the importance of industrial property and copyright. 3.Understand the process of technological leapfrogging and the power this offers in terms of development.

3. Technology in the News In what ways is technology currently in the news? Which global problems have recently been the focus of technological developments? Keep on top of similar stories in the news throughout this course.

4. MEDC Initial Advantage MEDCs have an initial advantage over LEDC which has been maintained by innovation. Development improves infrastructure: –Education, Universities and Research –Government-funding for research –TNCs to invest in research –Legal system to protect intellectual property –Reliable energy, water, transport, wealth, communication systems. This advantage is hard to overcome and requires HUGE investment – China is currently doing this. TASK: Look at the table on page 183. How does this data support the idea of an initial advantage?

5. Technology Promotes Development The Growth Report 2008 identified key factors for growth: -Engagement with the global economy -Specialising exports -Transfer of key technologies It showed that knowledge gained from the global economy is the basis of economic catch up and sustained growth. TASK: How might this inform aid policies in MEDCs?

6. Intellectual Property TASKS: 1.Add the definitions of Intellectual Property, Industrial Property, Patent and Copyright to your glossary sheet. 2.Summarise the issues surrounding Microsoft and its software patents using pages 183 and 184. In order to develop countries need to invest in innovation and education to ensure growth is sustained –Patents -Exclusive right of ownership and possession of intellectual property e.g. James Dyson invented......? –Higher education University education is needed for long-term economic development This can trigger a virtuous cycle of development.

7. In 2002, 312 thousand patents were granted around the world. More than a third of these were granted in Japan. Just under a third were granted in the United States. A quarter of all territories had no new patents in 2002, so will not profit from these in future years as others will. Intellectual Property

8. Technological Leapfrogging Technological leapfrogging is a way of shortcutting to technological growth, by cutting out intermediate technologies. So for example, a country moves from having no telephone service to having modern mobile phone network with 3G internet etc. TASKS: 1.Watch the video and make brief notes. 2.Using the case study on pages 184-185 produce a short case study of mobile phone leapfrogging in India. SUMMARISE key facts. 3.Summarise the Gene Revolution and Green Revolution as agricultural examples of leapfrogging (page 185-6)

9. Summary Question ‘To what extent is leapfrogging helping to reduce the technology gap that exists between countries’

10. Independent Study Independent Study is VITAL at A2 level. Update your glossary sheet using the terminology table handout. Ensure you have completed all of the tasks from today's lesson and plan an answer to the summary question. Any outstanding homework pieces need to be in ASAP – parents evenings start next week!

11. Marking of homework exam questions Use the provided mark scheme to mark your homework questions. Think CAREFULLY about your answers and write targets and comments on your work. Make sure your name is on it and hand it in.

12. Life Expectancy Patents GrantedInternet Use Electricity Access Affordable Drugs HIV Prevalence

13. TASK: Continuum of Opinion Read through the information in your pack on ARV drug access and patent restrictions. Answer the questions on the back of the terminology table sheet. Decide as a pair where you stand on the following discussion point. Once you have formed your view as a pair, write your name on a post-it note and come up and stick this in the appropriate place on the continuum of opinion poster on the wall. Be prepared to justify your view using facts/examples from the pack of information. Do TNCs have a right to charge LEDCs high prices for their ARV drugs to fund R&D/further research or should these be available at cost price? WHAT DO YOU THINK?

14. Technological Terminology Task On your desk you have an A3 table with 8 new terms (labelled A-H) from your glossary sheet for this unit. You also have 8 photographs (1-8) which represent examples of each of the different terms and 8 definitions (I-VIII). Discuss what each of the terms might mean and then sort them into the appropriate places on the table. Can you think of any additional examples? You have 6 minutes – watch the examples disappear! Be prepared to discuss this with the class. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

15. 2 8 7 1 4 6 5 3 2 8 7 1 4 6 5 3 2 8 7 1 4 6 5 3 A - Technological leapfrogging VI Jumping from low tech to high tech in one bound B-Geoengineering IV Technology used to change earth’s physical systems C-Nanotechnology II Technology at the micro scale D-Intermediate technology III Relatively low-tech, Low-cost technology E-Appropriate technology VII Technology which meets a need in an efficient way F-Biotechnology I Technology often focussed on genetic material G-Alternative technology V Technology deemed better because it has less environmental impact H-Technological obsolescence VIII Technology which has been significantly bettered Key Term Definition Example Other Examples? A - Technological leapfrogging VI Jumping from low tech to high tech in one bound B-Geoengineering IV Technology used to change earth’s physical systems C-Nanotechnology II Technology at the micro scale D-Intermediate technology III Relatively low-tech, Low-cost technology E-Appropriate technology VII Technology which meets a need in an efficient way F-Biotechnology I Technology often focussed on genetic material G-Alternative technology V Technology deemed better because it has less environmental impact H-Technological obsolescence VIII Technology which has been significantly bettered Key Term Definition Example Other Examples? A - Technological leapfrogging VI Jumping from low tech to high tech in one bound B-Geoengineering IV Technology used to change earth’s physical systems C-Nanotechnology II Technology at the micro scale D-Intermediate technology III Relatively low-tech, Low-cost technology E-Appropriate technology VII Technology which meets a need in an efficient way F-Biotechnology I Technology often focussed on genetic material G-Alternative technology V Technology deemed better because it has less environmental impact H-Technological obsolescence VIII Technology which has been significantly bettered Key Term Definition Example Other Examples?

16. Why is Access Unequal? There are many reasons: -Wealth -Education -Environmental determinism – at the mercy of nature -Intellectual Property/Patent laws -Resources -Religion e.g. Catholicism bans contraception -Public opposition e.g. GM crops not grown in UK -Politics – North Korean government banned private phones or mobiles since 2004 AMISH CULTURE

17. Question 1.‘Wealth is the crucial limiting factor in access to technology’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? 2.‘Disparity in access to technology is a key limiting factor in the economic development of LEDCs’ To what extent do you agree with this statement?