1. APUSH Review 1754-1789

2. Mercantilism Belief that wealth of nations was centered on building up specie and exporting more than importing Colonies viewed as –Source of raw materials –Market for finished goods –Bases for royal navies –Way to develop a commercial navy Navigation Acts –Passed to enforce mercantilism –Only English ships could transport to/from colonies –Enumerated goods (extra profitable sugar, tobacco, cotton) could only be sold to England –All goods shipped to colonies had to pass through English port, pay import duty, then reloaded for shipment to colonies (made foreign goods available from England prohibitively expensive) Customs officials often hired deputies to serve in the colonies –Bribes and smuggling made avoiding the Navigations Acts common –Long shoreline made smuggling easy Salutary Neglect – noninterference with the colonies – used until 1764

3. Examples of Mercantile Laws Woolen Act, 1699: colonists could not export raw wool, yarn, or wool cloth to other colonies or countries which slowed colonial manufacturing and protected English trade Hat Act, 1732: colonial hatmakers could not sell their beaver hats outside the colonies Molasses Act, 1733: tax placed on sugar, rum, and molasses bought from the French West Indies rather than the British West Indies Iron Act, 1750: colonists were forbidden to build mills for smelting iron

4. Conflict in North America Mercantilism heightened European rivalries over, especially between England and France –Conflicting claims for land British colonists were moving across the Appalachians into territory claimed by the French, esp.Ohio Valley where the French had built a series of Forts –Fur trade with Native Americans –Arming of Natives Americans for raids Iroquois, who traded with the British, were moving into areas of Indians who were allies of the French England and France fight a series of wars from 1680s – 1740s –Spanish influence declining –British wins some French territory in North America, French arming Indians on the frontier

5. Anglo-French Wars War of League of Augsburg/ King Williams War: 1689- 1697 and War of Spanish Succession/ Queen Anne’s War: 1702-1713 –French lose Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay to Great Britain War of Austrian Succession/ King George’s War (1742-48) and Seven Years War/ French and Indian War (1754- 1763) –Loss of remaining French territory in North America to British (Canada and all lands East of MS River)

6. Albany Plan for Union, 1754 As first conflicts of what would become French & Indian war erupt, reps from 7 British colonies meet in Albany, NY to ask the Iroquois for help Ben Franklin devises Albany Plan for Union –inspired by Iroquois Confederacy, one central gov’t of all colonies for relations with Indians and plan for common defense and laws/taxes where all colonies involved –No colony approved the plan, but one step toward uniting the colonies Meeting important: –Colonists felt more American than British –colonies developed distinct cultures with differing values –more and better roads easing trade and the postal service

7. Peace of Paris, 1763 French & Indian War :1754-1763 –British and American colonists win –French and Indian allies lose New King George III ends hostilities Terms of the Treaty –French ceded Louisiana Territory to Spain to pay for war debts –France gave Canada and land east of the Mississippi River to Britain –Spain, as an ally of France, turned over Florida to Britain

8. Benefits of the French & Indian War for the American Colonies Colonial militias gain experience and skills Colonists see that British could be defeated Militias had to accept blacks because there was a shortage of able-bodied men willing to fight Colonists no longer feared Native Americans without the French to arm them Colonists learned more about people in other colonies which lessened their suspicions of them and learning the benefits of cooperation

9. Aftermath of the French & Indian War: British perspective Very expensive plus increased responsibility of ruling larger empire British believed the Americans had gained much from the war: –End of threats from French and Natives –Continued protection of British army and navy British expected colonists to pay for advantages, colonists disagreed

10. Lord Grenville King George III and his new PM Lord George Grenville want more direct control over colonies In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion Grenville signs Proclamation of 1763 –prohibit expansion west of Appalachian Mts. –Puts Parliament in control of colonial expansion Grenville’s Policies: –Navigation Acts to be strictly enforced –Customs officials had to serve in the colonies themselves –Writs of Assistance allowed officials to search for smuggled goods and to collect unpaid taxes –British ships patrolled the coastline –Smugglers were to be tried in Admiralty courts (which violated basic English right dating back to Magna Carta)

11. Grenville Asserts Imperial Control Mutiny Act of 1765: –colonists must assist in maintaining army, quarter soldiers –Increased British soldiers and ships patrolling for smugglers –Restrictions on colonial manufacturing Sugar Act of 1764: –Eliminate illegal sugar trade, effecting New England merchants –Admiralty courts in America to try smugglers Currency Act of 1764 –end all colonial paper currency Stamp Act of 1765 – tax on practically all printed items Purpose : reapply mercantilism, control colonies Result : –Reduce trade of American goods with France and Spain –Increased collection of taxes 10xs, but caused resentment

12. Growing Resentment to Grenville Program from segments of society: North: merchants & small farmers fear more taxes, workers fear less manufacturing South: planters in debt, fear more taxes West: resent closing the frontier Professionals: depend on planters and merchants for work Post-War depression (jobs lost PLUS higher taxes) –increased circumvention of regulations –growing population of under/unemployed dangerously frustrated

13. Stamp Act Crisis Stamp Act not particularly heavy but: –effected many people, all important people –seen as a way to raise money leading the way to more, heavier taxes “Virginia Resolves” –Patrick Henry sounds “trumpet of sedition” by introducing resolutions in House of Burgesses Americans possessed the same right as the English Taxed only by representatives (colonial assembly) Anyone who supported Parl right to tax VA was an enemy of VA –Not generally approved, House of Burg., but printed and circulated among the colonies

14. Stamp Act Congress 1765 delegates from 9 colonies meet in NYC and right petition (GA, VA, NC, NH did not send reps ) –“Declaration of Rights and Grievances” sent to King and Parl Only colonies could tax Trial by jury, not Admiralty courts W/o elected MPs, Parl didn’t rep colonies –Declaration not really recognized by Parl Crowds Openly Oppose Stamp Act –Sons of Liberty in Boston terrorized stamp agents, many of whom resigned –Crowd stormed “pro-British” Mass Governor Thomas Hutchinson’s home

15. Parliament Retreats Economic pressure from boycotts, not political opposition caused Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act Declaratory Act, 1765 – Parliament has total authority over colonies Passed same day Stamp Act repealed to please Parliament Marquis of Rockingham, new PM, tries to balance needs of Parliament and Colonies Most colonist take no note of Dec Act b/c hated Stamp Act gone PM seen as giving in to colonists so replaced by Pitt

16. Townshend Program Charles Townshend tries to enforce laws and raise revenue –Mutiny Act, 1765 colonists forced to house soldiers Result: MA & NY refuse to enforce and NY assembly disbanded –Townshend Duties: tax on imports from England (glass, paint, paper, tea) Viewed as taxation w/o representation & using the colonies to make money Disbanding NY assembly seen as a threat to all colonies

17. Colonial Boycotts MA assembly circulated letter to encourage opposition of all taxes –Parliament threatened to dissolve any colonial assembly who supported the letter –Townshend more vigorously enforces anti- smuggling and customs enforcement (esp in Boston) Non-Importation agreement –MA, PA, NY and Southern merchants agree to boycott all Townshend goods –English goods become unpopular; American “homespun” became fashionable –1767, Townshend dies, new PM North repeals all Townshend Acts but on tea

18. Boston Massacre - 3/5/1770 Four regiments stationed in Boston –combat harassment of customs officials –leads to competition for scarce work Soldiers guarding Customs House –rowdy colonists attacked with rocks and words : ( –Shots are fired, five colonists die including Crispus Attucks, an African-American worker Samuel Adams fuels the outrage with pamphlets decrying the “Boston Massacre” Established “Committees of Correspondence” in 1772 to publicize grievances against Britain

19. Actual vs. Virtual Representation Americans have actual representative gov in all colonies with representatives loyal to their home community Parl believed in “virtual representation” of all subjects in the whole empire Americans want defined sovereignty over themselves with a written constitution Americans view representative government as something they have that could be taken away, not something new to fight for

20. TEA! Tea Act, 1773 –Parliament gave British East India company special trading privileges –Colonists begin boycotting tea, led by women –Daughters of Liberty forms to organize and plan households without boycotted items Boston Tea Party, 1773 –3 ships carrying tea anchor in Boston Harbor –3 groups of 50 men destroy the tea, worth about $1 million today –Group refused to repay the damages

21. Coercive Acts 1774 - 4 Coercive Acts punish for Tea Party (called “Intolerable Acts” in colonies) –Port of Boston closed, end (basically) representative gov’t, English officials tried in England, soldiers quartered in unoccupied buildings Quebec Act, 1774 (unrelated to Tea Party) –Allow civil gov’t for Catholic francophones –Extend Quebec territory –Americans viewed it as a way to limit their Westward expansion Response: colonies join together to support MA, women organize boycotts

22. First Continental Congress Reps from all but GA meet: –Starting Sept. 1774, Carpenter’s Hall Philadelphia –Major Decisions 1/3 “Patriots” wanted independence form GB, 1/3 wanted to remain loyal and work out differences, 1/3 were indifferent Send Declaration of Rights and Grievances to Parl Non-importation, non-exportation, non-consumption of all British goods Meet again following spring Conciliatory Acts, 1775 –Colonies tax themselves by command from Parl –Too little too late for colonists

23. Lexington and Concord British General Thomas Gage ordered to arrest rebel leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock –“Minutemen” soldiers were training to defend themselves against the British “redcoats” –British march to Concord to seize a storehouse of weapons where the “shot heard round the world” is fired Massachusetts militia surrounds British in Boston with help reinforcements from other colonies until the arrival of Gen. William How and the Battle of Bunker Hill

24. Second Continental Congress 1775-1781 transformed from advisory board to governing body of new nation Accomplished: –Passed Olive Branch Petition –Passed Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms –Established an army with George Washington in command –Established an army led by George Washington –Established a navy –Authorized privateers to attack British shipping –Sent reps to France, Spain, and the Netherlands asking for military or economic support –Authorized and signed the Declaration of Independence –Adopted the Articles of Confederation –Acted as National Government to Conduct the war Conduct diplomatic relations with foreign nations Oversee ratification of the Articles of Confederation

25. King George’s Response to 2 nd Continental Congress Issued Proclamation of Rebellion –Asked all “loyal subjects” to reject rebellion –Ordered naval blockade of colonies –Hired 10,000 German (Hessian) mercenaries to fight in the colonies

26. Declaration of Independence Lee’s Resolution: Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced debate on resolution for colonies to be independent Committee of John Adams, Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson drafted a declaration to present to the congress on the reasons for independence Declaration of Independence has 4 major sections: –Preamble describing why colonists are seeking freedom –Declaration of rights Heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinker John Locke Describes rights as absolute and government as a social contract Explains obligation of humans to revolt against absolute despotism –List of Grievances –Formal declaration of independence

27. Reasons for Adopting the D o I Generally accepted rules for conductin war would go into effect Borrowing money to finance the war and to run government would be easier as a national entity The Declaration was seen as a way to unite the colonies Colonists who remained loyal to Britain woulld be seen as traitors

28. America’s Disadvantages in War Difficult to recruit soldiers Resistance to recruiting blacks (though 5000 fought for patriots) Shortages of supplies for military Lack of large navy Few Native American allies Lack of European allies until late in the war Lack of unity –1/3 remained Loyalists –80,000 Americans fled after the war, mainly to Canada, and their property was sold to the states Weak central gov’t (inability to levy taxes)

29. Help from Abroad 1776 – France secretly sending arms, supplies, $ 1778 – France recognized colonies as separate country and agreed to enter the war as an ally –Sent well-equipped and trained soldiers –Supplies and money –French navy effectively hindered British troop movements Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Sweden, and Portugal formed the League of Armed Neutrality against the British Navy

30. Treaty of Paris, 1783 General Cornwallis surrendered in 1781, but the Treaty of Paris was not signed until 1783 Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams, and Henry Laurens negotiated: –Independence –Territory between the Appalachians and the MS River, Great Lakes to Florida –Fishing rights in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off Newfoundland –Payment by both countries of debts owed prior to the war –Agreement to ask states to allow Loyalists to sue for the value of their confiscated property –Agreement by GB to remove troops from US soil

31. Articles of Confederation Ruled US from 1781-1789 Each state was allowed a great deal of freedom resulting in a weak central gov’t –Drafted when colonies were fighting against strong external control of their affairs –Similar to colonial governments with three branches of gov’t & most power in the hands of the legislature –Each state had a bill of rights, but power rested in the hands of the wealthy Voting restricted to propertied white men Slavery mainly prohibited in the North, while the Southern economy relied on it

32. Weaknesses of the A o C New chief executive, Congress worked through committees (no uniform domestic or foreign affairs) 9/13 states needed to approve laws (rarely had reps from all 13 states present and tended to vote in blocs – large (8) vs. small (5) Unanimous vote on amendments (impossible) No power to levy taxes No power to regulate interstate commerce (could not overall protect American trade) No power to enforce treaties (couldn’t force the British to abide by the Treaty of Paris) No power to enforce its own laws No national court system so states interpreted national law and states would not abide decisions made in other states

33. Shay’s Rebellion Economic chaos caused by lack of regulation, poor credit Many farmers lose land to banks Daniel Shays leads armed rebellion to protest heavy burdens to debtors American leaders are humiliated and look for solution

34. Accomplishments under the A o C Fought, won war & signed Treaty of Paris Established policy for settling new lands and creating new states –Land Ordinance of 1785 –Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Established departments of Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and Treasury Annapolis Convention held in 1786 recommended a convention to make changes to the Articles of Confederation

35. Constitutional Convention May-September, 1787 – 55 delegates met in Philadelphia agree that new national document is needed & put forth 2 plans VA Plan (favored larger states) –Representation based on wealth or population –National executive chosen by Congress –National judiciary chosen by Congress –Bicameral Leg: upper elected by people, lower elected by upper NJ Plan (favored smaller states) –Equal representation for each state –Executive committee chosen by Congress –National judiciary appointed by Executive Committee –Unicameral Leg: appointed by state legislators Final US Constitution –Senate: 2 reps per state House of Reps: based on population –President chosen by electors in turn electors chosen by people –Supreme Court appointed by the president with Senate confirmation and lower courts established by Congress –Bicameral Leg: upper house chosen by state leg (changed by 17 th amendment) lower house elected by the people

36. Constitutional Compromises 3/5 Compromise: 3 out of 5 slaves are counted for representation and taxation for the House Slavery not addressed for 20 years and importation of slaves prohibited after 1808 Congress to regulate inter-state commerce and foreign trade but not levy export taxes 4 year term of president (limited to 2 terms with 22 nd Amendment)

37. Ratification Federalists favored ratification –Strong federal gov’t would allow nation to protect itself from external enemies and solve internal problems –Agreed to a Bill of Rights to gain support (that and promises of Washington being 1 st Pres convinced VA to ratify) Anti-federalists fought ratification –Needed Bill of Rights to guarantee individual liberties –Feared too strong central gov’t would weaken states NY last major state needed Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison led the ratification effort The Federalist (Federalist Papers) were a series of essays defending the Constitution NY finally convinced to ratify and new Gov’t took office in March 1789

38. Constitution Preamble, seven Articles, 27 Amendments Does not try to provide for every possibility but included amendment process and system of checks and balances to be flexible and stable Based on 6 core principles –Popular sovereignty: people are only source of gov’t power –Federalism: gov’t power divided between natinal and state gov’ts –Separation of powers: executive, legislative, and judicial are separate and co-equal branches –Checks and balances: three branches have overlapping powers to each can restrain the other two –Judicial Review: power to declare actions of legislative and executive branches unconstitutional –Limited Gov’t: Const lists powers for federal gov’t, states, and those shared with all others being reserved to the states

39. Article I Legislative Branch Defines House of Representatives and Senate –Elections, meetings, rules, passing laws, powers reserved/denied –3/5 compromise repealed by 15 th Amend –“necessary and proper”/ elastic clause –“commerce clause”

40. Article II Executive Branch Defines term, election, qualifications, powers, duties, impeachment Article III Judicial Branch Sets up federal courts, jurisdiction of federal courts, defines treason

41. Article IV Relations among the states Honors official acts of other states, mutual duties of states, new states and territories, federal protection of states Article V Amendment Process Article VI Public debts, oaths of office, “supremacy clause” Article VII Ratification Process

42. Amendments Bill of Rights –1 st ten amendments –Added to satisfy anti-federalists –Protects most basic rights of individuals 13 th, 14 th, 15 th –“Civil War” amendments –Ensure rights of newly freed slaves –14 th Amendment (equal protection) basis of many civil rights decisions 15 th, 17 th, 19 th, 23 rd –Voting rights –15 th – race, 19 th – women, 17 th – direct election of Senators, 23 rd – DC residents can vote for President

43. Top 12 Cases AGE OF JEFFERSON –Marbury v. Madison (1803): judicial review established –McCullough v. Maryland (1819): expanded powers of Congress through the “necessary and proper” clause –Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): superiority of federal law in interstate commerce BACKGROUND TO CIVIL WAR –Scott v. Sanford (Dred Scott Decision, 1857): Struck down MO Compromise limiting slavery and the KS-NB Act which would use popular sovereignty to decide slavery NEW SOUTH –Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): established “separate but equal” WWI –Schenk v. US (1919): First Amendment does not protect freedom of speech when it poses an immediate danger Eisenhower and the 50s –Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954): reversed Plessy v Ferguson and “separate but equal” ordering schools to desegregate with “all deliberate speed”

44. Kennedy and Johnson –Heart of Atlanta Motel v US (1964): Commerce clause used to enforce civil rights; businesses engaged in interstate commerce cannot racially discriminate –Wesberry v Sanders (1964): “one man, one vote”; reapportioned congressional seats to address underrepresentation of urban areas –Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): guaranteed accused the right to an attorney –Miranda v. Arizona (1966): “Miranda Rule”; protect rights of the accused to be informed of their rights before questioning Nixon –Roe v. Wade (1973): expanded right to privacy to prohibit state from interfering with a woman’s decision to have an abortion

45. Other big cases Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) –Cherokee a dependent, not sovereign nation –Did not have a right to bring a case to the Supreme Court, but did have a right to their land – ruling ignored by Pres. Jackson Worcester v. Georgia (1832) –Separate nation where laws of Georgia can have no force –Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling Schechter Poultry Corp v. US (1935) –NRA - New Deal National Recovery Act found unconstitutional for regulating interstate commerce Korematsu v. US (1941) –Issue: Japanese internment during WWII –Court found evacuation was a lawful exercise of the war powers of the President and Congress