1. GENUS PASTEURELLA

2. Order Family Genus Pasteurella Mannheimia Pasteurellales
Pasteurellaceae

3. PASTEURELLA
Gram- coccobacilli to rod-shaped, bi-polar staining, facultative anaerobe do not form spore glucose fermented (w/o gas) oxidase +, catalase +
Habitat
mucosal commensals of oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract of healthy mammals, birds and reptile

4. Classification Polysaccharide capsules A B C D E and F 5 Serogroups
16 somatic types-serology on cell wall LPS
type A - fowl cholera, rabbits snuffles - bovine pneumonia
type B or E - hemorrhagic septicemia
type D - swine atrophic rhinitis
type F - recovered primary from turkeys the role is unclear
typed by agar gel precipitation indirect hemagglutination of capsular antigen

5. Pasteurella multocida
Transmission
Endogenous;
* may invade tissue of immunosuppressed animals
Exogonous;
* direct contact
* aerosol
Pasteurella multocida

6. Hemorrhagic septicemia
acute, highly fatal disease of cattle water buffaloes*, American bison caused by P. multocida B:2 (Asia, middle east, some southern European countries), E:2 (Africa)
water buffaloes, most susceptible, sporadically in goats, sheep, swine, deer, camels, and elephants
predisposing stress, weather change, poor nutrition, overwork, poor body condition

7. Hemorrhagic septicemia (cont.)
morbidity & mortality %
clinical sign:
high fever, profuse salivation, depression dyspnea, submucosal petichiation subcutaneous edema around the throat dewlap, brisket or perineum, occasional dysentery
death within 24 hr.
gross lesion: generalized petichiation pulmonary edema, enteritis, lymphadenopathy

8. bronchopneumonia

9. Bovine and Porcine pneumonia
severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuropneumonia seen frequently in young weaned animals
opportunistic pathogen of low virulence that invades 2ry to viral or bacterial pneumonias

10. Pneumonic lung & consolidation in calve

11. Hemophilus somnus & Pasteurella multocida (calve)

12. Fowl Cholera
highly contagious & affects a wide range of domesticated and wild birds in most countries
septicemia with high morbidity and mortality (upto 70%), also occur in chronic form
turkey, duck and geese are more susceptible than chicken
mature chickens are more susceptible than birds less than 16 weeks of age

13. Transmission
contaminated crates, feeders, waterer may introduce FC to new birds
excretion from infected bird
directly & indirect
aerosol

14. acute - septicemia
- fever, diarrhea, mucoid oral discharge, ruffled feathers and tachypnea
lesion - hemorrhage on serous surface and accumulation of fluid in body cavities
- bipolar-staining organism can be detected in blood smear
- P. multocida can be isolated from blood, liver and spleen

16. Wattles & edema

17. Atrophic Rhinitis (AR)
upper respiratory disease of piglet 1-8 wks of age toxigenic strain of P. multocida type D or A (AR+) cause a severe progressive form of AR
infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica may cause mild, non-progressive turbinate atrophy but predispose to infection with P. multocida (AR+)
other factors include overstocking and poor ventilation

18. Clinical sign pig between 3 and 8 wks of age are affected
excessive lacrimation, sneezing and occasionally epitaxis
damage to turbinate bones may predispose to 2ry bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract
deviation of snout may develop

19. Rabbits Pasteurellosis
“snuffles”
Recurring purulent rhinitis
major concern for commercial rabbitries and research facilities
half of conventionally raised rabbit may have upper respiratory tract colonization by P. multocida and many are symptomatic
factors: temperature fluctuation, increased ammonia level, poor sanitation, old age may initiate clinical disease

20. Clinical sign:
otitis media or interna pneumonia, abscesses, conjunctivitis, mastitis, metritis, septicemia
signs exhibited depend on the site infection include oculonasal discharge, snuffing, dypsnea, vaginal discharge, subcutaneous swelling, and sudden death

22. Back abscess
Normal uterus

23. PATHOGENESIS
diverse with respect to host predilection and antigenic variation
Fowl cholera :
enter tissues through of mucous membrane of pharynx, upper respiratory passages, conjunctivae, rarely through cutaneous wound

24. attach to the membranes overlining nasal turbinates Atrophic rhinitis
dermonecrotic toxin
destroy osteoblast
osteoclastic lysis
turbinate destruction

25. VIRULENCE FACTOR
capsule - hyarulonic acid capsule are more resistant to phagocytosis and intracellular killing by macrophage
endotoxin (LPS) - pyrogenic leukotoxin (bovine)
exotoxin
adhesin - serogroup A, B, D have type 4 fimbriae associated with adhesin to host epithelial cell surfaces (colonization)
Swine strain: hemagglutinin and fimbriae

26. DIAGNOSIS
 isolation from affected tissues ferment of D-mannose differentiates Pasteurella (+) from Mannheimia spp. (-)
 serologic test for diagnosis of FC (plate agglutination or agar gel diffusion, precipitation test) have limited value in chronic disease and no value in acute forms of disease

27.  isolation & identification should be followed
 isolation & identification should be followed by tests to confirm toxigenic strain, demonstrates of toxicity for tissue culture cell
 ELISA for toxin detection
 PCR for toxin gene

29. GENUS MANNHEIMIA
established in 1999 to include trehalose-negative members of Pasteurella haemolytica
all strain ferment mannitol but not ferment D-mannose (differentiated from genus Pasteurella)

30. Hosts and significance Mannheimia spp.
Species
Host(s)
Significance
M. haemolytica
cattle sheep
pneumonia pneumonia, septicemia, mastitis
M. granulomatis
cattle
panniculitis
M. glucosida
sheep
normal respiratory flora
M. rumimalis
cattle, sheep
normal ruminal flora
M. varigina
pigs cattle
septicemia, enteritis, pneumonia septicemia, pneumonia, mastitis

31. Mannheimia haemolytica
 serotypes IHA of capsular surface antigen
 2 biotypes  A,T (ferment L-arabinose or trehalose)
 T biotype strain (serotype 3, 4, 10 and 15) reclassified as Pasteurella trehalosi
 serotype A11 - M. glucosida
 A biotype strain - M. haemolytica

32. Habitat
 mucosal commensals of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract of healthy mammals, birds and reptiles
 survive poorly outside the host

33. Mannheima haemolytica
most important pathogen of domestic cattle bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis “ shipping fever ” (transported animals)
serotype A1 – predominant strains (60% pneumonic lung)
multifactorial disease environment factors infection with virus & other bacteria

34. shipping fever (bovine pneumonia) Transmission
organism shed from nasal cavity serve as a source of infection of other animals
 inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets
 direct nose-to-nose contact
 ingestion of food contaminated with nasal discharge

35. PATHOGENESIS
impairing host defense – virus, mycoplasma synergy with M. haemolytica
proliferation of serotype A1 in nasopharynx
reaching lung infect alveolar epithelium
pulmonary damage (bacterial product & leukocyte platelet-mediated injury)
acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia

36. VIRULENCE FACTORS
Leukotoxin - (1ry virulent) pore-forming cytolysin impair pulmonary macrophage function
LPS - stimulate production of proinflammatory cytokines
capsule polysac.- mucosa inhibit phagocytosis resist to complement- mediate lysis neutrophil chemoattractant
fimbriae - adherent
siderophore - iron acquisition

37. Hemorrhage and pus
in goat

38. DIAGNOSIS isolation from clinical specimens Blood agar
glucose agar plate + serum
colony morphology
biochemical test

40. GENUS RIEMERELLA Rimerella anatipestifer (Pasteurella anatipestifer)
Gram- rod grow on enriched media
non - motile atmosphere of 5-10% CO2
asaccharolytic dose not grow on MacConkey agar
oxidase +, catalase +

41.  important pathogen of ducks
infectious serositis
new duck disease
duck septicemia
anatipestifer septicemia

42. 21 serotypes
 serotype 1, 2, 3, 5 and are most prevalent in severe outbreak of infectious serositis
 high mortality, decreased growth poor feed conversion, increased condemnation

43. Disease
acute or chronic septicemia: air sacculitis, fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, caseous salpingitis, meningitis
organism has been recovered from wild birds, and rarely from pigs

44. mechanism of infection becomes in a flock is unknown, because routes of natural infection have not been definitively established
may be a normal component of the pharyngeal flora of healthy duck
skin puncture, particular feet, are a possible route of infection

45. disease in turkeys may be transmitted by arthropod vectors
predisposing factors: adverse environment condition - concomitant bacterial or
viral infection

46. VIRULENCE FACTOR have not been identified
gene homology to virulence-associated protein of other bacteria
CAMP cohemolysin-maybe an iron-scavenging mechanism

47. Duck septicemia

48. DIAGNOSIS
bacterial culture - biochemical tests gelatin arginine hippurate etc
bacterin and live vaccine confer protection against homologous serotypes but no cross-protection against heterologous serotype exposure

49. GENUS ORNITHOBACTERIUM

50. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)
1990s st characterized with respiratory disease, increased mortality, good retardation in poultry since been isolated from diseased duck, pigeon, pheasant, quail, many kind of birds *- turkey & chickens throughout the world, phenotypically similar bacteria – Riemerella anapestifer

51. Transmission aerosol – horizontal possibly by the egg
(transovarion or cloacal contamination)

52. highly contagious, especially in turkey
nasal discharge, coughing with bloody expectoration
disease severity: poor ventilation increased stock density high pneumonia level concurrent disease

53. 7 serotypes : A-G
gel precipitation
serotype A probably predominant
virulence factors
- no specific virulence factors have been identified

54. ORT attaches to ciliated epithelium on air sac
congestion, edema, macrophage infiltration progress to air sacculitis
lung become inflitrated & necrotic
severe necrotizing fibrinopurulent pneumonia hepatomegaly, suppurative pericarditis

55. Pleuritis&edema

56. DIAGNOSIS  bacteriological culture of affected lung or
air sac the organism grow > 48 hrs.
5% - 7% CO2 at 37 0C
oxidase +, catalase -
motility-
 Immunohistochem – detect organism in tissue
 ELISA
 PCR