1. Purdue University Writing Lab Conquering the Comma A workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab

2. Purdue University Writing Lab What Is a Comma? A comma is a punctuation mark that indicates a pause is needed in a sentence. Commas help to clarify meaning for the reader.

3. Purdue University Writing Lab Clauses and Phrases A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject or a verb that complement each other. A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb that complement each other.

4. Purdue University Writing Lab Independent Clause / Simple Sentence An independent clause has two components: a subject and a verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a simple sentence. An independent clause is a simple sentence. The couple dances. subject (S) verb (V)

5. Dependent Clause / Subordinate Clause A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb. A dependent clause does not form a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. A dependent clause sounds awkward and/or incomplete when it stands alone. Purdue University Writing Lab

6. Dependent Clause/Subordinate Clause Dependent clauses can often be identified by the use of dependent clause markers (DCM). Example(s): If you want to go After the movie ends Before we leave Dependent Clause Markers: after although as because before if once since though unless until when whether while

7. Purdue University Writing Lab Compound Sentence A sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction is called a compound sentence. A conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses together in a sentence. Conjunctions  for  and  nor  but  or  yet  so FAN BOYS

8. Purdue University Writing Lab Compound Sentence The comma in a compound sentence is placed before the coordinating conjunction. Andy built a snowman, and Jeff played with his dog. S V conj. Andy built a snowman, and Jeff played with his dog. S V

9. Purdue University Writing Lab Compound sentences can also be formed by placing a semi-colon (;) between two independent clauses. Compound Sentence Dan struggled with his homework so his father helped him. Dan struggled with his homework ; his father helped him. S V S V

10. Purdue University Writing Lab Complex Sentences  Contains one independent clause  Plus at least one dependent clause  Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal.

11. Purdue University Writing Lab Independent Clause / Simple Sentence An independent clause has two components: a subject and a verb. An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a simple sentence. The couple dances. subject (S) verb (V)

12. Dependent Clause / Subordinate Clause A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb. A dependent clause does not form a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. A dependent clause sounds awkward and/or incomplete when it stands alone. Purdue University Writing Lab

13. Dependent Clause/Subordinate Clause Example(s): -If you want to go -After the movie ends -Before we leave Dependent clauses can often be identified by the use of dependent clause markers (DCM). Purdue University Writing Lab

14. DEPENDENT CLAUSE MARKERS AFTEREVEN IFSINCEWHERE ALTHOUGHEVEN THOUGH THAT WHEREAS ASIFTHOUGHWHEREVER AS IFIF ONLYUNLESSWHETHER BECAUSERATHERUNTILWHEN BEFORETHANWHENWHIL Purdue University Writing Lab

15. Dependent Phrases and Clauses Dependent phrases and clauses help to clarify and add detail to an independent clause. Dependent clauses may appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

16. Purdue University Writing Lab COMPLEX SENTENCES When a dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the independent clause and the dependent clause. When Elizabeth called 911, the firemen rushed to her rescue. When Elizabeth called 911, the firemen rushed to her rescue. DCM S V S V

17. Purdue University Writing Lab COMPLEX SENTENCES Where would you place the comma in the following examples? After the movie ended we went out for coffee. Since it was raining we decided to go to the movies. Once the movie began I fell asleep. Since it was raining, we decided to go to the movies. DCM S V S V Once the movie began, I fell asleep. DCMS V S V After the movie ended, we went out for coffee. DCM S V S V

18. Purdue University Writing Lab COMPLEX SENTENCES When a dependent clause is located after an independent clause, DO NOT place a comma between the two. I went on the roller coaster because my brother dared me. S V DCM S V I became very sick when the S V DCM roller coaster zoomed upside down. S V

19. Purdue University Writing Lab Sentence Structure: Essential Phrases and Clauses An essential clause or phrase is used to modify a noun. It also adds information that is critical to the meaning of the sentence. Essential clauses are NOT set off by commas.

20. Purdue University Writing Lab The people who work in my office are so uptight! Sentence Structure: Essential Phrases and Clauses S essential phrase V Without the essential phrase, this sentence does not make complete sense : The people are so uptight!

21. Purdue University Writing Lab The martini that I had at Joe’s was much better than this one! Sentence Structure: Essential Phrases and Clauses S essential V The word “that” is almost always an indicator of an essential phrase or clause.

22. Purdue University Writing Lab Sentence Structure: Nonessential Phrases and Clauses A nonessential phrase or clause adds extra information to a sentence. This information can be eliminated from the sentence without jeopardizing the meaning of the sentence. Always place commas around nonessential phrases and clauses.

23. Purdue University Writing Lab My brother, who lives across town, plans to throw a party! S non-essential V Even without the phrase the sentence still makes sense : My brother plans to throw a party! Sentence Structure: Nonessential Phrases and Clauses

24. Purdue University Writing Lab Steve said that he would propose to me on Valentine’s Day, which is my favorite holiday! S V non-essential Use commas to set off additional information Sentence Structure: Nonessential Phrases and Clauses

25. Purdue University Writing Lab Would you place commas in the following sentences? If so, where? I am planning a trip to Paris which is one of the greatest cities in the world. No comma is needed. The sentence is correct. The place that I would most like to see is the Eiffel Tower. Pierre who is one of my business contacts will meet me at the airport. I am planning a trip to Paris, which is one of the greatest cities in the world. Pierre, who is one of my business contacts, will meet me at the airport.

26. Purdue University Writing Lab Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Place commas in a sentence to divide items in a list. The commas will help the reader to avoid confusion. The comma before the conjunction is generally required, but it can be omitted if there is no possibility of confusion.

27. Purdue University Writing Lab Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Consider the difference in the following: Last month, Alex dated Mary Ann Lee and Kim. Last month, Alex dated Mary, Ann, Lee, and Kim. Last month, Alex dated Mary Ann, Lee, and Kim. How many women did Alex date?

28. Purdue University Writing Lab Commas should be placed in series of words, phrases, or clauses. Place commas in the following sentences: Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Martina brushed her hair put on her pajamas and went to bed. She fell asleep and dreamed that she was a princess she kissed a frog and she rescued her prince. Martina brushed her hair, put on her pajamas, and went to bed. She fell asleep and dreamed that she was a princess, she kissed a frog, and she rescued her prince.

29. Purdue University Writing Lab Commas with adjectives Use commas to separate adjectives that provide an equal description of a noun. THE TEST: Can you put “and” between the adjectives? Can they be described in reverse order? If so, use a comma. big blue house three hungry kittens a cranky, ungrateful man

30. Purdue University Writing Lab A Common Comma Error: The Comma Splice A comma splice is an error in which two independent clauses are joined by a comma. We had a nice time, I hope we can meet again soon. S V The Internet has revolutionized the business world, S V online sales have increased dramatically this year. S V

31. Purdue University Writing Lab To Correct a Comma Splice Insert a conjunction between the two independent clauses. Start a new sentence. Insert a semi-colon between the two independent clauses (only in cases where the independent clauses are closely related in topic). We had a nice time, and I hope we can meet again soon. We had a nice time. I hope we can meet again soon. The Internet has revolutionized the business world; online sales have increased dramatically this year.

32. Purdue University Writing Lab How would you correct the following sentences? This semester I am taking calculus physics and economics. Calculus is my best subject, I am certain I will get an A. Although I am very busy I still find time to have fun. Last weekend my brother visited me and we went to a football game a party and a rock concert. This semester I am taking calculus, physics, and economics. Calculus is my best subject, and I am certain I will get an A. Although I am very busy, I still find time to have fun. Last weekend my brother visited me, and we went to a football game, a party, and a rock concert.

33. Purdue University Writing Lab Where can you go for additional help with comma usage? Purdue University Writing Lab Heavilon 226 Grammar Hotline: (765) 494-3723 Check our web site: http://owl.english.purdue.edu http://owl.english.purdue.edu Email brief questions: owl@owl.english.purdue.edu Purdue University Writing Lab