1. Types of Agriculture

2. Pastoral Nomadism Drylands of SW Asia, N Africa, C Asia and E Asia – where planting of crops is impossible Drylands of SW Asia, N Africa, C Asia and E Asia – where planting of crops is impossible Herding of domesticated animals Herding of domesticated animals Obtain grain from sedentary subsistence farmers Obtain grain from sedentary subsistence farmers Camels, sheep, goats, horses Camels, sheep, goats, horses Practice transhumance – seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas Practice transhumance – seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

3. Shifting Cultivation Tropical regions – Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia Tropical regions – Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia Slash-and-burn Slash-and-burn Grow crops on a field only for a few years until soil nutrients are depleted Grow crops on a field only for a few years until soil nutrients are depleted Tools: hoe, potash Tools: hoe, potash Grow maize, manioc (cassava), millet, sorghum, yams, sugarcane, plantain Grow maize, manioc (cassava), millet, sorghum, yams, sugarcane, plantain

4. Intensive Subsistence E Asia, S Asia – areas of high density E Asia, S Asia – areas of high density Farmers work intensively to subsist on a piece of land Farmers work intensively to subsist on a piece of land Most work done by hand, waste almost no land Most work done by hand, waste almost no land Wet-rice farming – E, S, SE Asia Wet-rice farming – E, S, SE Asia Double cropping – obtaining two harvests per year from one field, common in places that have warm winters Double cropping – obtaining two harvests per year from one field, common in places that have warm winters Other crops – millet, oats, corn, sorghum, soybeans Other crops – millet, oats, corn, sorghum, soybeans Crop rotation – rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year Crop rotation – rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year

5. Plantation Farming Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, S Asia, SE Asia Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, S Asia, SE Asia Commercial agriculture in LDCs Commercial agriculture in LDCs Specializes in one or two crops, often owned by Americans or Europeans Specializes in one or two crops, often owned by Americans or Europeans Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, cocoa, jute, tea, coconuts, palm oil Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco, cocoa, jute, tea, coconuts, palm oil Use temporary workers Use temporary workers

6. Mixed crop and livestock U.S. Midwest and C Europe U.S. Midwest and C Europe Integration of crops and livestock, most crops are fed to the livestock Integration of crops and livestock, most crops are fed to the livestock Beef, milk, eggs, corn, soybeans, cereal grains Beef, milk, eggs, corn, soybeans, cereal grains Crop rotation Crop rotation

7. Dairy Farming NE US, SE Canada, NW Europe, near large urban areas NE US, SE Canada, NW Europe, near large urban areas More dairying found in LDCs recently More dairying found in LDCs recently Must be close to market – milkshed Must be close to market – milkshed Not only fresh milk but other products made from milk (Butter, cheese) Not only fresh milk but other products made from milk (Butter, cheese) Labor intensive – cows must be milked twice a day Labor intensive – cows must be milked twice a day Expensive to feed cows in the winter when they can’t graze on grass Expensive to feed cows in the winter when they can’t graze on grass

8. Grain Farming North-central US, South-central Canada, E Europe North-central US, South-central Canada, E Europe Wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet Wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet Grown for consumption by humans not livestock Grown for consumption by humans not livestock Heavily mechanized – reaper, combine Heavily mechanized – reaper, combine Winter wheat, spring wheat Winter wheat, spring wheat

9. Livestock Ranching Western North America, SE Latin America, C Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, South Pacific Western North America, SE Latin America, C Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, South Pacific Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area Part of the meat-processing industry rather than economic activity carried out on isolated farms Part of the meat-processing industry rather than economic activity carried out on isolated farms

10. Mediterranean Lands around Mediterranean sea, Western US, S Africa, Chile Lands around Mediterranean sea, Western US, S Africa, Chile Similar physical environment/climate Similar physical environment/climate Sheep/goats, transhumance Sheep/goats, transhumance Horticulture – growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers and trees Horticulture – growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers and trees Olives, grapes Olives, grapes

11. Commercial gardening SE US, SE Australia SE US, SE Australia Long growing season, humid climate Long growing season, humid climate Truck farming – “bartering” or “exchange of commodities” Truck farming – “bartering” or “exchange of commodities” Apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes Apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes Highly efficient, large-scale operations Highly efficient, large-scale operations Hire migrant workers Hire migrant workers

12. For HW: Read the pages from the other textbook on my website about the 3 Agricultural Revolutions and fill in the chart Read the pages from the other textbook on my website about the 3 Agricultural Revolutions and fill in the chart