1. Notions of Gemstone and Gemstone Enhancements Bhavana Lihla Schroeder

2. Diamond Qualities- Pure Carbon Hardness- 10 Shape- Perfect Octahedral Diamond Qualities- Pure Carbon Hardness- 10 Shape- Perfect Octahedral

3. Imitations Rock Crystal, Topaz, Zircon etc.  Technique- HPHT(High Pressure High Temperature) Artificial- YAG(yttrium-aluminium-Garnet), CZ (cubic Zirconia), SYNTHETIC MOISSANITE,CAG Common enhancement practices  Irridiation to color the diamond or to remove any color in the diamond.  Laser drilling- dark inclusions are removed cracks and fractures are filled with glass or artificial resin.  Notion- Synthetics and artificial diamonds are the same. Imitations Rock Crystal, Topaz, Zircon etc.  Technique- HPHT(High Pressure High Temperature) Artificial- YAG(yttrium-aluminium-Garnet), CZ (cubic Zirconia), SYNTHETIC MOISSANITE,CAG Common enhancement practices  Irridiation to color the diamond or to remove any color in the diamond.  Laser drilling- dark inclusions are removed cracks and fractures are filled with glass or artificial resin.  Notion- Synthetics and artificial diamonds are the same.

4. Synthetic diamonds produced with same scientific formation as found in the earth with similar properties.  distinguish Synthetic use a laser pointer to see luminescence patterns.just one of the patterns but most easiest to distinguish.  Artificial are man- made completely with different scientific composition.  Artificial on the other hand are distinguished by there specific gravity, luster and reflectivity. Synthetic diamonds produced with same scientific formation as found in the earth with similar properties.  distinguish Synthetic use a laser pointer to see luminescence patterns.just one of the patterns but most easiest to distinguish.  Artificial are man- made completely with different scientific composition.  Artificial on the other hand are distinguished by there specific gravity, luster and reflectivity.

5. Corundum Most common of the group is Ruby, Blue and Yellow Sapphire. Properties- Aluminum Oxide Hardness- 9 Shape- prism,rhombohedron,bypyramid Corundum Most common of the group is Ruby, Blue and Yellow Sapphire. Properties- Aluminum Oxide Hardness- 9 Shape- prism,rhombohedron,bypyramid

6. Synthetic- produced since 1900. Technique- Vernueil Method, Flux method and Hydro thermal methods. Common enhancement treatments- Heat treatment  intensify blue by reducing conditions  lightened up in oxidizing conditions.  Yellow and Orange sapphires can be intensified by heat treatment.  Rubies on the other hand coming from Burma contain a blue core which is enhanced and the blue disappears.  Surface diffusion treatment is used for colorless to near colorless corundum's to produce blue, orange or red corundum's.  Surface cavities and cracks are filled usually by glass or artificial resins to enhance clarity.  Oil is also used for fractured or pale Rubies.  Artificial- Glass, Doublets and Triplets, Red and Blue Spinals produced by Flux methods. Synthetic- produced since 1900. Technique- Vernueil Method, Flux method and Hydro thermal methods. Common enhancement treatments- Heat treatment  intensify blue by reducing conditions  lightened up in oxidizing conditions.  Yellow and Orange sapphires can be intensified by heat treatment.  Rubies on the other hand coming from Burma contain a blue core which is enhanced and the blue disappears.  Surface diffusion treatment is used for colorless to near colorless corundum's to produce blue, orange or red corundum's.  Surface cavities and cracks are filled usually by glass or artificial resins to enhance clarity.  Oil is also used for fractured or pale Rubies.  Artificial- Glass, Doublets and Triplets, Red and Blue Spinals produced by Flux methods.

7. Beryl Emeralds and Aqua marines commonly used. Qualities- Beryllium, Aluminium,Silicon complex composition. Hardness- 8 Shapes- Hexagonal Beryl Emeralds and Aqua marines commonly used. Qualities- Beryllium, Aluminium,Silicon complex composition. Hardness- 8 Shapes- Hexagonal

8. Synthetic Emeralds are very commonly produced by flux method or hydro thermal method. Coming from Russia and Australia. Artificial- Aqua Marines are imitated with artificial glass,irradiated Spinel or Topaz. Emeralds are imitated by green glass,YAG,Doublets or Triplets(Beryl - Beryl) Quality enhancement- Heat treatment is common eg. Green Beryls change to Aquamarine through irradiation, colourless beryl changes to golden yellow colours. Emeralds mainly have fracture fillings with oil,wax or artificial resins. Synthetic Emeralds are very commonly produced by flux method or hydro thermal method. Coming from Russia and Australia. Artificial- Aqua Marines are imitated with artificial glass,irradiated Spinel or Topaz. Emeralds are imitated by green glass,YAG,Doublets or Triplets(Beryl - Beryl) Quality enhancement- Heat treatment is common eg. Green Beryls change to Aquamarine through irradiation, colourless beryl changes to golden yellow colours. Emeralds mainly have fracture fillings with oil,wax or artificial resins.

9. Quartz Amethyst, Citrine, Smoky Quartz etc Qualities- Silicon Oxide Hardness- 7 Shapes- Trigonal(prisms) Quartz Amethyst, Citrine, Smoky Quartz etc Qualities- Silicon Oxide Hardness- 7 Shapes- Trigonal(prisms)

10. Synthetic Restricted use in the industry.  Commonly used are synthetic Amethyst and Synthetic Citrine produced by Hydro thermal method.  Quality enhancement- Various techniques are used. Amethysts can be turned in yellow citrine or green praisolite colour by heat treatment. Mainly Rock crystals are irradiated to make smoky quartz. Agates and Jaspers are colored by artificial staining. Notions- Citrine sold as Yellow sapphire. Praisolite sold as an Emerald Synthetic Restricted use in the industry.  Commonly used are synthetic Amethyst and Synthetic Citrine produced by Hydro thermal method.  Quality enhancement- Various techniques are used. Amethysts can be turned in yellow citrine or green praisolite colour by heat treatment. Mainly Rock crystals are irradiated to make smoky quartz. Agates and Jaspers are colored by artificial staining. Notions- Citrine sold as Yellow sapphire. Praisolite sold as an Emerald

11. Topaz Colorless,Blue,Yellow, brown to Red –Orange Qualities- Aluminium Silicon Oxide Hardness- 8 Shapes- Orthorhombic (prisms) Quality Enhancement Reddish brown topaz turns into pink color by heat treatment. Importantly irradiated colorless material turns to blue color. Artificial- Glass sold as Topaz Topaz Colorless,Blue,Yellow, brown to Red –Orange Qualities- Aluminium Silicon Oxide Hardness- 8 Shapes- Orthorhombic (prisms) Quality Enhancement Reddish brown topaz turns into pink color by heat treatment. Importantly irradiated colorless material turns to blue color. Artificial- Glass sold as Topaz

12. Simulants Opal- These stimulants contain flecks and slivers of metallic foils embedded in Glass. Amber- Copal recent fossil resin is used as an Amber imitation. Kauri gum coming from New Zealand is a variety of copal. Porcelain- Used commonly for opaque or transluscent gems like- Lapis Lazuli, Turqouise, Malachite etc. Plastics- Plastics are used as imitations for gems like- Amber, Ivory, pearls etc. Imitation Pearls- they are most vulnerable of the organic gems. Beads made from Glass, plastics and shell are used for creating there stimulants. Simulants Opal- These stimulants contain flecks and slivers of metallic foils embedded in Glass. Amber- Copal recent fossil resin is used as an Amber imitation. Kauri gum coming from New Zealand is a variety of copal. Porcelain- Used commonly for opaque or transluscent gems like- Lapis Lazuli, Turqouise, Malachite etc. Plastics- Plastics are used as imitations for gems like- Amber, Ivory, pearls etc. Imitation Pearls- they are most vulnerable of the organic gems. Beads made from Glass, plastics and shell are used for creating there stimulants.

13. Composite stones Doublets and Triplets Garnet topped doublet- usually sold as Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald cut from glass of an appropriated color,capped with a thin layer of garnet. Corundum Doublets- crown of natural sapphire bounded to a synthetic corundum pavilion. Emerald doublets- Aquamarine crown bonded on an emerald green glass pavilion. Opa l An opal doublet comprises thin layer of precious opal backed by a dark opal, onyx or even clear glass bonded to the opal with a black adhesive. Composite stones Doublets and Triplets Garnet topped doublet- usually sold as Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald cut from glass of an appropriated color,capped with a thin layer of garnet. Corundum Doublets- crown of natural sapphire bounded to a synthetic corundum pavilion. Emerald doublets- Aquamarine crown bonded on an emerald green glass pavilion. Opa l An opal doublet comprises thin layer of precious opal backed by a dark opal, onyx or even clear glass bonded to the opal with a black adhesive.

14. Triplet can have on this composition a polished protective dome of glass or clear quartz. Quartz Star Rose quartz from Madagascar has a potential to cut very fine 6 rayed stars. These cabochons have a coloured backing which is used as fine star Ruby and Sapphire. Composite Diamond Simulant has a diamond crown backed by a synthetic pavilion Triplet can have on this composition a polished protective dome of glass or clear quartz. Quartz Star Rose quartz from Madagascar has a potential to cut very fine 6 rayed stars. These cabochons have a coloured backing which is used as fine star Ruby and Sapphire. Composite Diamond Simulant has a diamond crown backed by a synthetic pavilion

15. Synthetics Flame fusion Method = Verneuil Method lab grown material which is best used for CORUNDUM containing a fine oriented rutile silk. Synthetic Spinels produced with this method are sold as tourmalines, Rubies, Blue Sapphires, Peridots etc. Czochralski method- produces much larger and cleaner crystals. Eg of YAG sold as diamond or Synthetic Alexandrite Chrysoberyl. Flux Method- maximum number of synthetic Emeralds - synthetic sapphire or Red Spinel is produced through this method. Hydro thermal method is a common synthetic producing method for quartz and Beryls. Synthetics Flame fusion Method = Verneuil Method lab grown material which is best used for CORUNDUM containing a fine oriented rutile silk. Synthetic Spinels produced with this method are sold as tourmalines, Rubies, Blue Sapphires, Peridots etc. Czochralski method- produces much larger and cleaner crystals. Eg of YAG sold as diamond or Synthetic Alexandrite Chrysoberyl. Flux Method- maximum number of synthetic Emeralds - synthetic sapphire or Red Spinel is produced through this method. Hydro thermal method is a common synthetic producing method for quartz and Beryls.

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