1. Review for Chapters 22-26 Evolution Are you ready for tomorrow’s test?

2. 1. Successfully breeding two individual organisms at a zoo and obtaining fertile offspring for several generations is no guarantee that the same could occur in nature (i.e., in the wild). Which species concept becomes difficult to confirm because of this fact? a)biological b)ecological c)morphological d)phylogenetic e)paleontological

3. 2. Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most obviously separating these different species? a)habitat isolation b)temporal isolation c)behavioral isolation d)gametic isolation e)postzygotic isolation

4. 3. Select the option that best describes the description of reproductive isolation… two species of orchids with different floral anatomy a)gametic b)temporal c)behavioral d)habitat e)mechanical

5. 4. Select the option that best describes the description of reproductive isolation… two species of trout that breed in different seasons a)gametic b)temporal c)behavioral d)habitat e)mechanical

6. 5. Select the option that best describes the description of reproductive isolation… two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs a)gametic b)temporal c)behavioral d)habitat e)mechanical

7. 6. Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring do not complete development. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? a)the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability b)the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown c)the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility d)gametic isolation e)adaptation

8. 7. The Hawaiian islands are a great showcase of evolution because of intense a)ecological isolation and sympatric speciation. b)adaptive radiation and allopatric speciation. c)allopolyploidy and sympatric speciation. d)cross-specific mating and reinforcement. e)hybrid vigor and allopatric speciation.

9. 8. A hypothetical mutation in a squirrel population produces organisms with eight legs rather than four. Further, these mutant squirrels survive, successfully invade new habitats, and eventually give rise to a new species. The initial event giving rise to extra legs would be a good example of a)punctuated equilibrium. b)species selection. c)habitat selection. d)changes in homeotic genes. e)allometry.

10. 9. During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement would you use to correct this student's misconception? a)Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. b)Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. c)Only favorable adaptations have survival value. d)Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. e)Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival.

11. 10. In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the a) more similar their habitats are. b) less similar their DNA sequences are. c) more recently they shared a common ancestor. d) less likely they are to be related to fossil forms. e) more similar they are in size.

12. 11. Which statement about natural selection is most correct? a)Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in all other habitats as well. b)Different species that together occupy the same habitat will adapt to that habitat by undergoing the same genetic changes. c)Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial during all other times as well. d)Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the gene pool, than poorly adapted individuals. e)Natural selection is the sole means by which populations can evolve.

13. 12. During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection? a)Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouth parts b)Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks. c)Small birds anticipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and, consequently, growing larger beaks. d)More small-beaked birds dying than the larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks. e)Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive.

14. 13. Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat? a)dorsal fin of a shark b)tail of a kangaroo c)wing of a butterfly d)tail fin of a fish e)arm of a human

15. 14. What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related species, each of which still contains living members? a)examining the fossil record b)comparison of homologous structures c)comparative embryology d)comparative anatomy e)DNA or RNA analysis

16. 15. Monkeys of South and Central America have prehensile tails, meaning that their tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails of African and Asian monkeys are not prehensile. Which discipline is most likely to provide an explanation for how this difference in tails came about? a)aerodynamics b)biogeography c)physiology d)biochemistry e)botany

17. 16. What is the most important missing evidence or observation in Darwin's theory of 1859? a)the source of genetic variation b)evidence of the overproduction of offspring c)evidence that some organisms became extinct d)observation that variation is common in populations e)observation that competition exists in populations

18. 17. In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? a)3 b)9 c)30 d)42 e)49

19. 18. In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Sources of variation for evolution include all of the following except a)mistakes in translation of structural genes. b)mistakes in DNA replication. c)translocations and mistakes in meiosis. d)recombination at fertilization. e)recombination by crossing over in meiosis.

20. 19. If the frequency of a particular allele that is present in a small, isolated population of alpine plants should change due to a landslide that leaves an even smaller remnant of surviving plants, then what has occurred? a) a bottleneck b)genetic drift c)microevolution d)A and B only e)A, B, and C

21. 20. The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured by a)the number of its offspring that survive to reproduce. b)the number of supergenes in the genotype. c)the number of mates it attracts. d)its physical strength. e)how long it lives.

22. 21. An African butterfly species exists in two strikingly different color patterns. This is an example of… a)random selection b)directional selection c)stabilizing selection d)disruptive selection e)sexual selection

23. 22. Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. This is an example of … a)random selection b)directional selection c)stabilizing selection d)disruptive selection e)sexual selection

24. 23. The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of a)divergent evolution. b)convergent evolution. c)exaptation. d)adaptive radiation. e)sympatric speciation.

25. 24. The correct sequence from the most to the least comprehensive of the taxonomic levels listed here is a) family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus. b)kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. c)kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species. d)phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus. e)phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species.

26. 25. Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived characters should be found among two organisms that are members of the same a)Kingdom. b)Class. c)Domain. d)Family. e)order.

27. 26. When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? a) shared primitive characters b)analogous primitive characters c)shared derived characters d)the degree of evolutionary divergence e)overall phenotypic similarity

28. 27. Which of these is most likely to increase the rate of a molecular clock? a)genes being replicated by DNA polymerases that have no proofreading capability b)genes with a high proportion of guanine- cytosine pairs c)the absence of introns from genes d)when the amino acid sequence of the gene product is critical for proper functioning e)the absence of functional telomerases

29. 28. The first genetic material was most likely a)DNA polymer. b)DNA oligonucleotide. c)RNA polymer. d)protein. e)protein enzyme.

30. 28. In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of a)amino acids. b)complex organic polymers. c)DNA. d)liposomes. e)nucleoli.

31. 30. What characteristic would all protobionts have had in common? a)the ability to synthesize enzymes b)a surrounding membrane or membrane- like structure c)RNA genes d)a nucleus e)the ability to replicate RNA

32. 31. Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? a)6,000 years b)3,500,000 years c)6,000,000 years d)3,500,000,000 years e)5,000,000,000,000 years

33. 32. The ancestors of which free-living cells were the earliest autotrophs to contribute to the formation of Earth's oxidizing atmosphere? a) cyanobacteria b)chloroplasts c)mitochondria d)seaweeds e)endosymbionts

34. 33. A major evolutionary episode that corresponded in time most closely with the formation of Pangaea was the a)origin of humans. b)Cambrian explosion. c)Permian extinctions. d)Pleistocene ice ages. e)Cretaceous extinctions.

35. 34. Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains? a)Plantae b)Fungi c)Animalia d)Protista e)Monera

36. 35. What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? a) molecular b)behavioral c)nutritional d)anatomical e)ecological