1. NEXT 14.1 Revolutions in Russia Long-term social unrest explodes in revolution and ushers in the first Communist government.

2. NEXT Czars Resist Change Alexander III and Nicholas II 1881: Alexander III czar “Autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality” Censorship, secret police, exile Oppressed non-Russians pogroms—organized violence against Jews Nicholas II continues autocracy

3. NEXT Industrialization 1863-1900: factories double; Russia still behind 1890s: Witte industrializes Russia steel production Trans-Siberian Railroad The Revolutionary Movement Grows Unrest—gap between rich and poor increases Marxism popular: rule of the proletariat BOLSHEVIKS favor revolution by a small committed group Lenin—Bolshevik leader MENSHEVIKS Want broad, popular support

4. Crises at Home and Abroad 1.defeat in Russo-Japanese War 2.Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 Massacre of 200,000 workers marching on Winter Palace for reform Nicholas forced to reform: 1906: The Duma—first parliament refuses to share power; dissolves Duma in 10 weeks 3.World War I Unprepared and ineffective—major losses Czarina Alexandra runs government influenced by Rasputin—mysterious “holy man” corrupt; murdered by nobles Factors of civil unrest:

5. NEXT The March Revolution March 1917: strikes expand; soldiers refuse to fire on workers The Czar Steps Down Protests becomes uprising; Nicholas abdicates Duma establishes provisional government Soviets—committees of Socialist revolutionaries—control cities Lenin Returns to Russia April 1917: Germans aid Lenin in returning from exile to Russia Germany hopes to hurt war effort

6. The Bolshevik Revolution “Peace, Land, and Bread!” November 1917: workers take control of the government Bolsheviks and Lenin: Give land to peasants put workers in control of factories Signs treaty with Germany to exit WWI Civil War in Russia Red Army wins three-year war; 14 million dead RED ARMY Bolsheviks; led by Leon Trotsky WHITE ARMY Opposed Bolsheviks; aid from U.S.

7. NEXT Lenin Restores Order New Economic Policy March 1921: launches NEP—small-scale capitalism 1928: Russia’s farms, factories are productive again Political Reforms creates self-governing republics under central government 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) Renames Communist Party Power struggle to replace Lenin: Trotsky vs. Stalin Joseph Stalin—Communist Party general secretary 1924: Lenin dies 1928: Stalin gains complete control; exiles Trotsky