1. Pre-history Indian Civilization Archeological evidence suggests that about 10,000 years ago small bands of ancient tribal hunters followed herds of game across the Bering Strait that connected Siberia and Alaska during the Ice Age. The tribal groups settled on the North and South American continents. Each group created a socio-economic system based on the Geography of the region. A group that lived/settled near water became experts at fishing and building watercraft. A group that lived/settled in the fertile regions of the Deep South became farmers and hunters. A group that lived/settled a mountainous region developed and adapted the natural resources to survive.

2. Bering Strait

3. The European Renaissance and The Age of Discovery and Colonization 1400-1700 The discovery of the New World coincides with the spread of European power and culture, 1400-1700. Renaissance and Enlightenment The Portuguese and the Spaniards were the first to explore and established trade links with Africa, Asia and eventually the Western Hemisphere in search of an all-water trade route; (to obtain gold, silver and spices in India, South Asia and China silk). France, England and the Netherlands soon followed creating trade companies to fund exploration of the Far East and later the New World. The Renaissance, the rise of Humanism as well as the Scientific Revolution and the rise of European nation-states were important events in creating an expanded world.

5. Pinta Nina Santa Maria

6. The European Conquest in America Motives for exploration: God, Glory and Gold (and natural resources)

7. God, Glory and Gold God Spread Christianity after the Europeans conquered the land. Glory Curiosity (they like to see what is out there, due in large part to Marco Polo’s exploration of China; Gold (natural resources) Land (one of most important items a person can own at that time other than gold) Resources (many countries in Europe did not have the needed resources to maintain a growing population)

8. Origins of World Trade European nations competed for world trade and military power. The New World colonies provided lumber, harbors, opportunities for settlement and natural resources that could be used by the nation. the transfer of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), diseases and culture between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. It was one of the most significant global events concerning ecology, agriculture and culture in history.

9. The Columbian Exchange

10. English Colonization English colonization began in 1588 with Sr. Walter Raleigh His expedition explored the Outer Banks of North Carolina and discovered Roanoke Island. Three years later 100 settlers arrived including women and children under the leadership of John White as its governor. White returned to England to get supplies; when he returned in 1590, he found the village abandoned. No trace of the “lost colonists” was ever found.

11. Roanoke The Lost Colony

12. Roanoke Colony 1584

13. Captain John Smith John Smith led a group of 105 settlers to the present day state of Virginia Confronted numerous challenges and suffered from lack of food and lack of supplies during the first year Reached Chesapeake Bay on May 6, 1607 and built the first English permanent colony. Settlement named Jamestown after King James I.

14. John Rolfe 1612 He grew tobacco at Jamestown and population increased over the next 20 years. Married Pocahontas local NAI princess

15. Britain and its Colonies in America

16. Pilgrims 1620 settlement of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock Mayflower Very strict religious beliefs Puritans 1630 settled in present day Massachusetts Both groups prospered Religious Freedom

17. Local Native Americans Samoset and Squanto The Pilgrims were amazed when he greeted them in their own language. They discovered that he learned English from fishing captains who sailed off the American coast.

18. Squanto Helps the Pilgrims Squanto helped the Pilgrims. They received a wealth of information from him. He taught them such things as how to distinguish between plants that were helpful and harmful, how to plant corn and other crops, and how to tap Maple trees for their sap. The October 1621 harvest was successful.

19. Thanksgiving 1621 Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving for the settlers and invited Native Americans for the 3 day celebration

20. Thanksgiving Celebration

21. American Colonies 1650s-1750s In general, the British Crown ignores governance of its colonies and enforcement of its trade laws so long as the colonies continued to provide England with sufficient cash and natural resources. England becomes the most powerful nation in Europe at this time.

22. Origins of American Independence King George III: 1760-1820

23. Expansion and Control in the Colonies 1700-1763 As the colonial society grew, by 1700 four distinct regions developed: New England (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut) The Middle Colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware) The Chesapeake (Virginia, and Maryland) The Southern Colonies (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

24. The American Enlightenment It stemmed from the European Enlightenment. In the 1500, European scientists began to postulate whether natural laws governed society and the universe, and whether these natural laws were accessible to humans through the use of reason. The most prominent of these thinkers were John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

25. John Locke 1632-1704 He argued that one’s environment was more significant aspect in the development of a person’s life and character.

26. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 Rousseau believed that individuals had “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property, which even a king or a pope could not deny.

27. Adam Smith 1723-1790 He was the Key Enlightenment economist. Adam Smith postulated a natural balance in the economy determined by laws of supply and demand.

28. Harvard College Founded in 1636

29. The Great Awakening During the expansion of Enlightenment ideals, American Churches experienced a revival

30. The significance of the Great Awakening It increased the number of churches in colonial America. It inspired the foundation of several colleges (Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth) It showed the juncture of religion with Enlightenment ideals in America. It served in some way as a precursor of the American Revolution.

31. American Colonial Slavery A complex and harsh slavery system developed Why did Slavery exist in the South? First slaves were brought to the Jamestown Colony in 1619 Slavery has existed since the beginning of time Biblical period to Asian dystanies to African kingdoms

32. The French and Indian War 1754-1763 English colonists pushed deeper into the Ohio Valley England wanted the trade monopoly that France had created with the MS River NAI The French were solidifying there position in the West by establishing forts to protect there trading interests. Conflict between France and England began

33. French and Indian War British Victory Results: The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ends the war. It gives England the western interior of North America, Canada, and Florida. Spain received Louisiana from France. Mississippi River became the boundary between England’s and Spain’s. France was evicted from North America.

35. Toward Revolution 1763-1775 The French and Indian War was expensive. Britain was in debt. What to do? The British decided to tighten control over the colonies and raise revenue/taxes on the American Colonies.

36. Colonies as Source of Revenue Sugar Act of 1764: The act taxed not only sugar but indigo, spices, some wine, and coffee. Quartering Act of 1765: It required the colonists to feed and house British troops stationed in their territories. Stamp Act of 1765: The most disruptive of all. It mandated the use of stamped paper for all official papers, including diplomas, marriage licenses, wills, newspapers, and playing cards.

37. Royal Stamp

38. Beginning of American Resistance 1765. This was the first time that the 13 colonies started to organize themselves against British (unfair) rule. The Stamp Act Congress declared that taxes had never been imposed on the colonists by anyone other than colonial legislature.

39. Protests In Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Charleston merchants signed agreements not to import British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed.

40. Taxation without Representation John Otis of Massachusetts argued that because the colonists were not represented in Parliament, Parliament had no authority to tax them. John Adams of Massachusetts also argued that allowing Parliament to tax the colonists without their consent threatened the sanctity of private property and personal liberty.

41. Taxation Without Representation

42. Repeal of the Stamp Act A economic recession gripped the British economy. The King withdrew his support of the Stamp Act and Parliament repealed it. In 1767, Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which laid taxes on glass, lead for paint, tea, paper, and other items.

43. Reaction to the Townshend Acts The colonies began to boycott British goods. By 1769, the boycotts were effective in every colony.

44. The Boston Massacre On March 5, 1770, a crowd of Boston rebels began throwing snowballs and oyster shells, at British Red Coats. When a stick hit one of the soldiers someone shouted, “Fire!” prompting a British soldier to shoot into the crowd. five colonists dead, six wounded. The colonists called this the Boston Massacre. Crispus Attucks killed soldiers were found not guilty

46. The Tea Act of 1773 In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. It was designed to give the West India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in North America. Colonial merchants could no longer sell tea. American Colonists began drinking coffee Colonial opposition

47. Boston Tea Party

48. Colonial Response on the night of December 16, an organized squad of sixty colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded the ship and dumped the entire cargo into the harbor as protest.

50. Colonial Response The First Continental Congress In September 1774, twelve colonies’ delegates met at the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia to consider the American response to the Coercive Acts. The delegates created the Continental Association that came before a “Declaration of Rights,” which claimed the natural-rights of men put forward by John Locke- “life, liberty, and property.”

51. April 19, 1775 Lexington and Concord In Boston, local militias (citizen army) were preparing for battle. Governor Gage sent troops to the town of Concord, about twenty miles northwest of Boston to capture the colonial military supply hidden there. The Boston patriots detected the troops and sent Paul Revere (Midnight night ride of Paul Revere) to alert the colonists in the countryside between Boston and Concord, the night before In the morning of April 19, a militia assembled in Lexington to stop the British before they reached Concord. The American militia captain ordered his men to retreat after the British forces ordered them to disperse. Someone fired a shot and the British soldiers began firing on the militia. The colonists suffered eighteen casualties (eight killed and ten wounded) while the British suffered only one.

52. The Battle of Bunker Hill On June 17, 1775, British Army crossed the Charles River to capture artillery on Breed’s Hill. The colonists had fortified the hill to fire upon the British in Boston. Attached to the hill be a small patch of land was Bunker Hill. This is the first all-out battle of the Revolution. The British forced the colonists to leave the field of battle; however, the colonists inflicted serious casualties to the British. In one hour, the British lost 1,000 men. The colonists lost 400 militiamen. When the battle was over, the British suffered some 1,150 killed and wounded or nearly half of the force engaged. The American casualties were estimated at 450 killed and wounded.

53. The American Revolution 1776-1783

54. The Revolution and Republicanism After the long train of abuses, American patriots fought a difficult war with the most powerful army in the world. Republicanism was the idea that government should be based on the consent of the people. The American Revolution was the first serious modern attempt to craft a government based on Democratic principles.

55. Common Sense Thomas Paine The best known expression of republican ideas in revolutionary America was Thomas Paine’s political pamphlet Common Sense, publish in 1776. Paine asserted that the King never had the welfare of his subjects in mind and that he was concerned with His exercise of power. 13 Colonies should declare their political independence from England

56. Struggles for Independence The Continental Army and George Washington. the American’s strategy was to run and survive. They attacked only when they were convinced of victory.

57. The Declaration of Independence Richard Henry Lee, a Virginian delegate to the Continental Congress, proposed, on June 7, 1776, that the colonies officially declare their independence. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was selected as the principal author. The committee presented the Declaration of Independence to the Congress on June 28, 1776. July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress

59. Early British Success In July 1776, 34,000 troops delivered a crushing defeat to the patriots on Long Island, New York. The patriots withdrew to Manhattan and then all the way to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It was a terrible blow to morale. Washington decided on a bold, brilliant action.

60. American Victory at Trenton 1776 and the Battle of Saratoga 1777 On December 1776, the Continental Army crossed the ice-filled Delaware River and captured Trenton, New Jersey, which at the time was held by 1,500 British troops.

62. Battle of Saratoga September 19- October 7, 1777

63. The French Alliance The Battle of Saratoga was significant because it brought the French into the war on the American’s side.

64. Yorktown Victory Washington seized the opportunity to attack. He moved a combined force of American and French troops across the lower Virginia peninsula; the American victory was complete when the French fleet arrived before the British fleet could rescue Cornwallis's army. On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis turned his sword over Washington. King George III accepted defeat.

65. Spanish and The Treaty of Paris Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Louisiana, Spanish troops dealt decisive blows to the British at Pensacola, Mobile, and Natchez on the Mississippi River In the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Great Britain formally recognized the independence of the United State and returned Florida to Spain.

66. US Constitution 1787 Plan of government for the USA It explains the powers of the national govt Constitutional Convention Summer 1787 Founding Fathers created the United States of America 3 branches of govt Separation of Powers Federal System

67. Bill of Rights 1791 First 10 Amendments to the US Constitution States freedoms and rights of US citizens and what the US govt cannot do against citizens Freedom of Religion/Speech/Press Right to own a weapon Right not to have one’s land taken away Rights of a person on trial Rights of a person not to be arrested without reason

68. 1789 George Washington 1789 GW elected first POTUS 1790 Potomac River selected as site of new Capital City Construction of the White House starts 1790 and completed 1800.

69. 1803 Louisiana Purchase USA bought land from Spain West of the MS River to the Rocky Mountains South to New Orleans and north to Canada Doubled the size of the USA Explored by Lewis and Clark

70. Manifest Destiny 1800-1860 US expanded its borders north-south-east- west Population increase in all regions of the USA West of the MS River known as the Frontier or the Great Plains Created a national economy Natural resources New states created and European Immigration

71. 1817 Mississippi Statehood 20 th State December 10, 1817

72. 1820-1860 Rise of Southern Cotton Kingdom Creation of Industrial Revolution in Northeast Rise of Sectionalism Slave Issue

73. 1848-1849 California Gold Rush Population in the West greatly increased By 1850 California became a state

74. 1860 Presidential Election Abraham Lincoln Succession of Southern state 11 ACW starts April 9, 1861 Why could the North and South not reach a compromise Family against Family For the next 150 years the AWC divided the USA;

75. 1861-1865 American Civil War

76. 1865-1877 Reconstruction African Americans were extended their Civil and Political Rights 13 th Amendment 1865 14 th Amendment 1868 15 th Amendment 1870

77. 1877-1900 Gilded Age Major characteristics Industrial Revolution Westward Expansion National Economy Immigration