1. Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) UK HEP Grid Networking meeting UCL - 8th May David Salmon - RAL

2. Overview Background –Why MPLS ? Work proposed –“Lab” (LAN) experiments RAL testbed –Wide area (WAN) experiments PIPSS proposal

3. Why the interest ? Bottom line –Get the service/s we want from the network ! Grid/LHC computing requirements –reliable high-volume data-transfer –data movements on demand… Need more control over traffic in the network Network Engineering techniques –Traffic engineering Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) –Quality of Service (QoS) End to end –Class/es of Service (CoS) in domains - WANs, MANs, LANs

4. History Standard Internet –“best-efforts” traffic –competes on equal terms –OK if average bandwidth utilisation is low little congestion Managed bandwidth - Janet & TEN-155 –Dedicated bandwidth for research projects –restricted - only finite bandwidth available –complex to set up (by hand) –expensive - needed ATM link with kit on site not available to most sites

5. Traffic classes PPNCG document –submitted to UKERNA for SJ4 requirements –specifies various classes of traffic –details of latency & bandwidth requirements Simplified view –Data-transfer Quasi-continuous, repository to repository On-demand (user driven) –Interactive –Real-time Audio & Video

6. Traffic handling Classification –IP header information Protocol, source, ToS... Prioritisation –Queuing disciplines –Round robin, weighted queues, priority queues... Rate control –allocating bandwidth to traffic classes Build traffic models form these components

7. MPLS Connection oriented switching in the core Can establish explicit paths across the network –Label switched paths (LSPs) –Traffic engineering Packets get an extra component “Label” –MPLS Shim L2 headerMPLS ShimL3 header & contents Packets are forwarded based on the Label IP routing still used & routers exchange routing information over IP - NOT MPLS –Dynamic label distribution protocols available (at least 2) –LDP & RSVP based

8. MPLS shim structure Label - structureless (but see below)20 bitsExperimental - eg Diffserv/MPLS3 bits1 bitBottom of stack - S8 bitsTime to live - TTL 0192022232431 NB labels are structureless in the sense that they don’t contain any addressing information related to the source/destination systems - they are local to links - however at least one VPN architecture builds labels incorporating AS numbers to ensure global uniqueness.

9. MPLS transport 45 87 33 45 112 87 112 33 IP routed Label switched IP MPLS L3(IP) L2 LER LSR LER LER: Label Edge Router LSR: Label Switched Router

10. RAL testbed Motivation –need to learn about MPLS & CoS/QoS concepts –Linux kernels include advanced network features hierarchical traffic classification several queue types available rate control –PCs are much cheaper than commercial routers –Open source MPLS software available for Linux Rationale –Establish a small testbed to emulate a network backbone with both core and edge routers –Define traffic models using MPLS & CoS/QoS techniques –Run application tests over the network to test traffic control and CoS/QoS features Need 5+ PCs, each with 2 network cards

11. MPLS & VPNs Virtual private networks (VPNs) May offer a convenient way of managing a path across the network –with rate control may give managed/protected bandwith facilities similar to an ATM virtual circuit –not so interested yet in privacy/partitioning issues which are motivators for commercial VPNs High priority area for investigation in both testbed and WAN tests

12. MPLS Software Open source software for linux systems –seems to be under active development www.sourceforge.net –MPLS-Linux MPLS switching software –MPLS-LDP MPLS label distribution protocol something for future investigation ! There are others….not investigated yet

13. MPLS set-up mplsadm comand –rather like adding static routes in IP –create incoming and outgoing labels –bind them to FECs “Assembler level” routing configuration ! –very detailed & prone to error –dynamic routing is for later too complex to start with

14. RAL testbed configuration D1 D2 E1 E2 C1 C2 eth0 eth1 eth0 eth1 eth0 eth1 eth0 eth1 10.1.0.110.1.0.2 10.2.0.110.2.0.2 10.3.0.110.3.0.2 10.3.1.1 10.3.1.2 10.3.2.110.3.2.2 17 39 17 42 39 RAL HEP LAN MPLS Gateway No through traffic NB: all STATIC routing, both IP and MPLS

15. Edge 1 (E1) configuration # assign label spaces to eth0 and eth1 # mplsadm -v -L eth0:0 mplsadm -v -L eth1:0 # explicitly add a route to say that the core knows about D2 # route add 10.2.0.1/32 gw 10.3.0.2 # explicitly add a generic MPLS label. # “If you see a packet from D1 going out on eth1 then give it # MPLS label 17 and use 10.3.0.2 as the next hop” # # MPLS label 17 originates here # mplsadm -v -A -B -O gen:17:eth1:ipv4:10.3.0.2 -f 10.2.0.1/32 # “If you see a packet with label 42 on it, pop the label and pass # the packet to the IP layer” mplsadm -v -A -I gen:42:0

16. Edge 2 (E2) configuration # assign label spaces to eth0 and eth1 # mplsadm -v -L eth0:0 mplsadm -v -L eth1:0 # explicitly add a route to say that the core knows about D1 # route add 10.1.0.1/32 gw 10.3.2.2 # explicitly add a generic MPLS label. # “If you see a packet from D2 going out on eth1 then give it # MPLS label 39 and use 10.3.2.2 as the next hop” # # MPLS label 39 originates here # mplsadm -v -A -B -O gen:39:eth1:ipv4:10.3.2.2 -f 10.1.0.1/32 # “If you see a packet with label 17 on it, pop the label and pass # the packet to the IP layer” mplsadm -v -A -I gen:17:0

17. Core 1 (C1) configuration # assign label spaces to eth0 and eth1 # mplsadm -v -L eth0:0 mplsadm -v -L eth1:0 # Set up part of an LSP in one direction # “If you see label 17 coming in (on space 0), switch it out with # label 17 and use 10.3.1.2 as the next hop” # mplsadm -v -A -I gen:17:0 -O gen:17:eth1:ipv4:10.3.1.2 -B # Set up part of an LSP in the other direction # “If you see label 39 coming in (on space 0), switch it out with # label 42 and use 10.3.0.1 as the next hop” # mplsadm -v -A -I gen:39:0 -O gen:42:eth0:ipv4:10.3.0.1 -B

18. Core 2 (C2) configuration # assign label spaces to eth0 and eth1 # mplsadm -v -L eth0:0 mplsadm -v -L eth1:0 # Set up part of an LSP in one direction # “If you see label 39 coming in (on space 0), switch it out with # label 39 and use 10.3.1.1 as the next hop” # mplsadm -v -A -I gen:39:0 -O gen:39:eth1:ipv4:10.3.1.1 -B # Set up part of an LSP in the other direction # “If you see label 17 coming in (on space 0), switch it out with # label 17 and use 10.3.2.1 as the next hop” # mplsadm -v -A -I gen:17:0 -O gen:17:eth0:ipv4:10.3.2.1 -B

19. Testbed Plan Get label switching working as outlined Configure a simple traffic model –two traffic types high priority low priority –hierarchical bandwidth allocation low priority traffic can use all available bandwidth if no high priority traffic is present high priority traffic can use up to a certain bit rate –use ftp for both traffic types on-demand ftp is high priority background ftp is low priority Monitor the traffic and measure conformance

20. Example On a 100 Mbit/sec link (ethernet) Force the interface to 10Mbit/sec –easier to understand at lower bandwidths –systems may not have the power to cope at 100Mbit/s Configure high priority FTP at 2Mbit/s Start a long low priority transfer –monitor the transfer rate Start a high-priority transfer –check if it gets the 2Mbit/s allocated –check that the low priority traffic reduces its rate Once understood, move on to more complex models and higher bandwidths

21. Config: CoS/QoS Rate control: TC command –define parameters for token bucket algorithms –committed information rate (like Cisco CAR) IPROUTE2 ?

22. PIPSS proposal “Collaborative project to demonstrate end-to-end traffic management services and high-performance data-transport applications required for Grid operations” Partners –Cisco –CLRC –Manchester university –University College London –UKERNA

23. PIPSS project aims WAN tests of MPLS with CoS/QoS Initially similar to testbed work, but.. Production-scale - SuperJANET4 Development Network –very high bandwidth - 2.5 Gbit/s –real routers/switches Configure traffic models Measure QoS/CoS performance for applications extend across multiple domains –test interworking of traffic model implemementations

24. SJDN & Site links ReadingLondon LeedsWarrington RAL UCL Manchester C-POP with Cisco 12008

25. Multiple management domains International Backbone National Backbone Regional Network - MAN Organisation LAN

26. Defined tasks TM1: Understand MPLS for traffic engineering in the SJDN TM2: Demonstrate end-to-end traffic management across multiple domains with live Grid traffic. TM3: Demonstrate end-to-end QoS and traffic management UK USA TM4: Demonstrate end-to-end QoS and traffic management to CERN TP1: Demonstrate high performance data- transport applications across WAN in Grid context -aim for 1 Gibit/sec or higher.

27. No more

28. Classification Source / Destination Protocol (port no) CoS –ToS Byte - (Diffserv code point)

29. Traffic prioritisation Queuing models (disciplines) –PQCBWFWQ….

30. Rate Control Token bucket rate control algorithms time slices

31. MPLS routing & FECs Forwarding Equivalence Classes

32. Traffic Engineering/Management Control what goes where Fishtail diagram

33. LSPs & VPNs